STRTOL(3)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		     STRTOL(3)

NAME
       strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer

SYNOPSIS
       #include <stdlib.h>

       long int strtol(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

       long long int strtoll(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       strtoll():
	   XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||
	   _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L;
	   or cc -std=c99

DESCRIPTION
       The strtol() function converts the initial part of the string  in  nptr
       to  a  long  integer  value  according to the given base, which must be
       between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.

       The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as deter‐
       mined by isspace(3)) followed by a single optional '+' or '-' sign.  If
       base is zero or 16, the string may then include a "0x" prefix, and  the
       number  will  be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero base is taken as 10
       (decimal) unless the next character is '0', in which case it  is	 taken
       as 8 (octal).

       The  remainder  of  the	string is converted to a long int value in the
       obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is	 not  a	 valid
       digit  in the given base.  (In bases above 10, the letter 'A' in either
       upper or lower case represents 10, 'B' represents  11,  and  so	forth,
       with 'Z' representing 35.)

       If endptr is not NULL, strtol() stores the address of the first invalid
       character in *endptr.  If there were no digits at all, strtol()	stores
       the  original value of nptr in *endptr (and returns 0).	In particular,
       if *nptr is not '\0' but **endptr is '\0' on return, the entire	string
       is valid.

       The  strtoll()  function	 works	just  like  the	 strtol() function but
       returns a long long integer value.

RETURN VALUE
       The strtol() function returns the result of the conversion, unless  the
       value  would  underflow	or overflow.  If an underflow occurs, strtol()
       returns LONG_MIN.  If an overflow occurs,  strtol()  returns  LONG_MAX.
       In  both	 cases,	 errno is set to ERANGE.  Precisely the same holds for
       strtoll()  (with	 LLONG_MIN  and	 LLONG_MAX  instead  of	 LONG_MIN  and
       LONG_MAX).

ERRORS
       EINVAL (not in C99) The given base contains an unsupported value.

       ERANGE The resulting value was out of range.

       The  implementation  may also set errno to EINVAL in case no conversion
       was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned).

CONFORMING TO
       strtol() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99 and POSIX.1-2001, and  str‐
       toll() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001.

NOTES
       Since  strtol()	can  legitimately  return  0,  LONG_MAX,  or  LONG_MIN
       (LLONG_MAX or LLONG_MIN for strtoll()) on both success and failure, the
       calling	program should set errno to 0 before the call, and then deter‐
       mine if an error occurred by checking whether errno has a nonzero value
       after the call.

       BSD also has

	   quad_t strtoq(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);

       with completely analogous definition.  Depending on the wordsize of the
       current architecture, this may be equivalent to strtoll()  or  to  str‐
       tol().

EXAMPLE
       The  program  shown  below demonstrates the use of strtol().  The first
       command-line argument specifies a string	 from  which  strtol()	should
       parse  a	 number.  The second (optional) argument specifies the base to
       be used for the conversion.  (This argument  is	converted  to  numeric
       form  using atoi(3), a function that performs no error checking and has
       a simpler interface than strtol().)  Some examples of the results  pro‐
       duced by this program are the following:

	   $ ./a.out 123
	   strtol() returned 123
	   $ ./a.out '	  123'
	   strtol() returned 123
	   $ ./a.out 123abc
	   strtol() returned 123
	   Further characters after number: abc
	   $ ./a.out 123abc 55
	   strtol: Invalid argument
	   $ ./a.out ''
	   No digits were found
	   $ ./a.out 4000000000
	   strtol: Numerical result out of range

   Program source

       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <limits.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <errno.h>

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
	   int base;
	   char *endptr, *str;
	   long val;

	   if (argc < 2) {
	       fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s str [base]\n", argv[0]);
	       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	   }

	   str = argv[1];
	   base = (argc > 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;

	   errno = 0;	 /* To distinguish success/failure after call */
	   val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);

	   /* Check for various possible errors */

	   if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))
		   || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {
	       perror("strtol");
	       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	   }

	   if (endptr == str) {
	       fprintf(stderr, "No digits were found\n");
	       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	   }

	   /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */

	   printf("strtol() returned %ld\n", val);

	   if (*endptr != '\0')	       /* Not necessarily an error... */
	       printf("Further characters after number: %s\n", endptr);

	   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO
       atof(3), atoi(3), atol(3), strtod(3), strtoul(3)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.35 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/.

GNU				  2010-09-20			     STRTOL(3)

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