Imager::Cookbook(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Imager::Cookbook(3)NAMEImager::Cookbook - recipes working with Imager
DESCRIPTION
Various simple and not so simple ways to do things with Imager.
FILES
This is described in detail in Imager::Files.
Reading an image from a file
my $image = Imager->new;
$image->read(file=>$filename) or die $image->errstr;
See Imager::Files.
Writing an image to a file
$image->write(file=>$filename) or die $image->errstr;
Write an animated GIF
# build an array of images to use in the gif
my @images;
# synthesize the images or read them from files, it doesn't matter
...
# write the gif
Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif' }, @images)
or die Imager->errstr;
See "Writing an animated GIF" in Imager::Files for a more detailed
example.
Reading multiple images from one file
Some formats, like GIF and TIFF support multiple images per file. Use
the read_multi() method to read them:
my @images = Imager->read_multi(file=>$filename)
or die Imager->errstr;
Converting from one file format to another
This is as simple as reading the original file and writing the new
file, for single images:
my $image = Imager->new;
# Imager auto-detects the input file type
$image->read(file => $input_filename)
or die $image->errstr;
# Imager derives the output file format from the filename
$image->write(file => $output_filename)
or die $image->errstr;
# or you can supply a type parameter:
$image->write(file => $output_filename, type => 'gif')
or die $image->errstr;
The main issue that can occur with this is if the input file has
transparency and the output file format doesn't support that. This can
be a problem when converting from GIF files to JPEG files for example.
By default, if the output format doesn't support transparency, Imager
will compose the image onto a black background. You can override that
by supplying an "i_background" option to "write()" or "write_multi()":
$image->write(file => "foo.jpg", i_background => "#808080")
or die $image->errstr;
Some formats support multiple files, so if you want to convert from say
TIFF to JPEG, you'll need multiple output files:
my @images = Imager->read_multi(file => 'input.tif')
or die Imager->errstr;
my $index = 1;
for my $image (@images) {
$image->write(file => sprintf('output%02d.jpg', $index++))
or die $image->errstr;
}
Transparent PNG
To save to a transparent PNG (or GIF or TIFF) you need to start with an
image with transparency.
To make a transparent image, create an image object with 2 or 4
channels:
# RGB with alpha channel
my $rgba = Imager->new(xsize => $width, ysize => $height, channels => 4);
# Gray with alpha channel
my $graya = Imager->new(xsize => $width, ysize => $height, channels => 2);
By default, the created image will be transparent.
Otherwise, if you have an existing image file with transparency, simply
read it, and the transparency will be preserved.
IMAGE SYNTHESIS
Creating an image
To create a simple RGB image, supply the image width and height to the
new() method:
my $rgb = Imager->new(xsize=>$width, ysize=>$height);
If you also want an alpha channel:
my $rgb_alpha = Imager->new(xsize=>$width, ysize=>$height, channels=>4);
To make a gray-scale image:
my $gray = Imager->new(xsize=>$width, ysize=>$height, channels=>1);
and a gray-scale image with an alpha channel:
my $gray_alpha = Imager->new(xsize=>$width, ysize=>$height, channels=>2);
When a new image is created this way all samples are set to zero -
black for 1 or 3 channel images, transparent black for 2 or 4 channel
images.
You can also create paletted images and images with more than 8-bits
per channel, see Imager::ImageTypes for more details.
Setting the background of a new image
To set the background of a new image to a solid color, use the box()
method with no limits, and "filled=>1":
$image->box(filled=>1, color=>$color);
As always, a color can be specified as an Imager::Color object:
my $white = Imager::Color->new(255, 255, 255);
$image->box(filled=>1, color=>$white);
or you supply any single scalar that Imager::Color's new() method
accepts as a color description:
$image->box(filled=>1, color=>'white');
$image->box(filled=>1, color=>'#FF0000');
$image->box(filled=>1, color=>[ 255, 255, 255 ]);
You can also fill the image with a fill object:
use Imager::Fill;
# create the fill object
my $fill = Imager::Fill->new(hatch=>'check1x1')
$image->box(fill=>$fill);
# let Imager create one automatically
$image->box(fill=>{ hatch=>'check1x1' });
See Imager::Fill for information on Imager's fill objects.
WORLD WIDE WEB
As with any CGI script it's up to you to validate data and set limits
on any parameters supplied to Imager.
For example, if you allow the caller to set the size of an output image
you should limit the size to prevent the client from specifying an
image size that will consume all available memory.
This is beside any any other controls you need over access to data.
See CGI for a module useful for processing CGI submitted data.
Returning an image from a CGI script
This is similar to writing to a file, but you also need to supply the
information needed by the web browser to identify the file format:
my $img = ....; # create the image and generate the contents
++$|; # make sure the content type isn't buffered
print "Content-Type: image/png\n\n";
binmode STDOUT;
$img->write(fd=>fileno(STDOUT), type=>'png')
or die $img->errstr;
You need to set the Content-Type header depending on the file format
you send to the web browser.
If you want to supply a content-length header, write the image to a
scalar as a buffer:
my $img = ....; # create the image and generate the contents
my $data;
$img->write(type=>'png', data=>\$data)
or die $img->errstr;
print "Content-Type: image/png\n";
print "Content-Length: ",length($data),"\n\n";
binmode STDOUT;
print $data;
See "samples/samp-scale.cgi" and "samples/samp-image.cgi" for a couple
of simple examples of producing an image from CGI.
Inserting a CGI image in a page
There's occasionally confusion on how to display an image generated by
Imager in a page generated by a CGI.
Your web browser handles this process as two requests, one for the HTML
page, and another for the image itself.
Each request needs to perform validation since an attacker can control
the values supplied to both requests.
How you make the data available to the image generation code depends on
your application.
See "samples/samp-form.cgi" and "samples/samp-image.cgi" in the Imager
distribution for one approach. The POD in "samp-form.cgi" also
discusses some of the issues involved.
Parsing an image posted via CGI
"WARNING": file format attacks have become a common attack vector, make
sure you have up to date image file format libraries, otherwise trying
to parse uploaded files, whether with Imager or some other tool, may
result in a remote attacker being able to run their own code on your
system.
If your HTML form uses the correct magic, it can upload files to your
CGI script, in particular, you need to use " method="post" " and
"enctype="multipart/form-data"" in the "form" tag, and use
"type="file"" in the "input", for example:
<form action="/cgi-bin/yourprogram" method="post"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="file" name="myimage" />
<input type="submit value="Upload Image" />
</form>
To process the form:
1. first check that the user supplied a file
2. get the file handle
3. have Imager read the image
# returns the client's name for the file, don't open this locally
my $cgi = CGI->new;
# 1. check the user supplied a file
my $filename = $cgi->param('myimage');
if ($filename) {
# 2. get the file handle
my $fh = $cgi->upload('myimage');
if ($fh) {
binmode $fh;
# 3. have Imager read the image
my $img = Imager->new;
if ($img->read(fh=>$fh)) {
# we can now process the image
}
}
# else, you probably have an incorrect form or input tag
}
# else, the user didn't select a file
See "samples/samp-scale.cgi" and "samples/samp-tags.cgi" in the Imager
distribution for example code.
You may also want to set limits on the size of the image read, using
Imager's "set_file_limits" method, documented in "set_file_limits()" in
Imager::Files. For example:
# limit to 10 million bytes of memory usage
Imager->set_file_limits(bytes => 10_000_000);
# limit to 1024 x 1024
Imager->set_file_limits(width => 1024, height => 1024);
DRAWING
Adding a border to an image
First make a new image with space for the border:
my $border_width = ...;
my $border_height = ...;
my $out = Imager->new(xsize => $source->getwidth() + 2 * $border_width,
ysize => $source->getheight() + 2 * $border_height,
bits => $source->bits,
channels => $source->getchannels);
Then paste the source image into the new image:
$out->paste(left => $border_width,
top => $border_height,
img => $source);
Whether you draw the border before or after pasting the original image
depends on whether you want the border to overlap the image, for
example a semi-transparent border drawn after pasting the source image
could overlap the edge without hiding it.
If you want a solid border you could just fill the image before pasting
the source for simplicity:
$out->box(filled=>1, color=>'red');
$out->paste(left => $border_width,
top => $border_height,
img => $source);
TEXT
Drawing text
Aligning text
Measuring text
Word wrapping text
Shearing (slanting) or Rotating text
This requires that you have Imager installed with FreeType 2.x support
installed, and that the font be created using the FreeType 2.x driver,
for example:
my $font = Imager::Font->new(file=>$fontfile, type=>'ft2');
First you need a transformation matrix, for shearing that could be:
my $angle_in_radians = ...;
my $tan_angle = sin($angle_rads) / cos($angle_rads);
# shear horizontally, supply this as y instead to do it vertically
my $matrix = Imager::Matrix2d->shear(x=>$tan_angle);
For rotation that would be:
my $matrix = Imager::Matrix2d->rotate(radians => $angle_in_radians);
or:
my $matrix = Imager::Matrix2d->rotate(degrees => $angle_in_degrees);
Feed that to the font object:
$font->transform(matrix => $matrix);
and draw the text as normal:
$image->string(string => $text,
x => $where_x,
y => $where_y,
color => $color,
font => $font);
See samples/slant_text.pl for a comprehensive example, including
calculating the transformed bounding box to create an image to fit the
transformed text into.
IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
Shearing an image
Convert to gray-scale
To convert an RGB image to a gray-scale image, use the convert method:
my $grey = $image->convert(preset => 'gray');
convert() returns a new image.
See: "Color transformations" in Imager::Transformations
METADATA
Image format
When Imager reads a file it does a magic number check to determine the
file type, so "foo.png" could actually be a GIF image, and Imager will
read it anyway.
You can check the actual format of the image by looking at the
"i_format" tag.
my $format = $image->tags(name=>'i_format');
Image spatial resolution
Most image file formats store information about the physical size of
the pixels, though in some cases that information isn't useful.
Imager stores this information in the tags "i_xres" and "i_yres", and
this is always stored in dots per inch.
Some formats, including TIFF and JPEG allow you to change the units
spatial resolution information is stored in, if you set the tag that
changes this the Imager will convert "i_xres" and "i_yres" to those
units when it writes the file.
For example to set the resolution to 300 dpi:
$image->settag(name => 'i_xres', value => 300);
$image->settag(name => 'i_yres', value => 300);
If you want the file format to store the resolution in some other unit,
for example you can write a TIFF file that stores the resolution in
pixels per centimeter, you would do:
# 150 pixels/cm
$image->settag(name => 'i_xres', value => 150 * 2.54);
$image->settag(name => 'i_yres', value => 150 * 2.54);
$image->settag(name => 'tiff_resolutionunit', value => 3);
Keywords: DPI
IMAGE MANIPULATION
Replacing a color with transparency
To replace a color with transparency you can use the "difference()" in
Imager::Filters method.
# make a work image the same size as our input
my $work = Imager->new(xsize => $in->getwidth, ysize => $in->getheight,
channels => $in->getchannels);
# and fill it with the colour we want transparent
$work->box(filled => 1, color => $color);
# get an image with that colour replaced with transparent black
my $out = $work->difference(other => $in);
AUTHOR
Tony Cook <tony@develop-help.com>
SEE ALSO
Imager, Imager::Files, Imager::Draw.
perl v5.14.3 2012-09-28 Imager::Cookbook(3)
