Imager::Engines(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Imager::Engines(3)NAMEImager::Engines - Programmable transformation operations
SYNOPSIS
use Imager;
my %opts;
my @imgs;
my $img;
...
my $newimg = $img->transform(
xexpr=>'x',
yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y)/10)')
or die $img->errstr;
my $newimg = Imager::transform2(\%opts, @imgs)
or die "transform2 failed: $Imager::ERRSTR";
my $newimg = $img->matrix_transform(
matrix=>[ -1, 0, $img->getwidth-1,
0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1 ]);
DESCRIPTIONtransform()
The "transform()" function can be used to generate spatial warps and
rotations and such effects. It only operates on a single image and its
only function is to displace pixels.
It can be given the operations in postfix notation or the module
Affix::Infix2Postfix can be used to generate postfix code from infix
code. Look in the test case t/t55trans.t for an example.
"transform()" needs expressions (or opcodes) that determine the source
pixel for each target pixel. Source expressions are infix expressions
using any of the +, -, *, / or ** binary operators, the - unary
operator, ( and ) for grouping and the "sin()" and "cos()" functions.
The target pixel is input as the variables x and y.
You specify the x and y expressions as "xexpr" and "yexpr"
respectively. You can also specify opcodes directly, but that's magic
deep enough that you can look at the source code.
Note: You can still use the transform() function, but the transform2()
function is just as fast and is more likely to be enhanced and
maintained.
$new_img=$img->transform(xexpr=>'x',yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y)/10)')
$new_img=$img->transform(xexpr=>'x+0.1*y+5*sin(y/10.0+1.57)',
yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y-0.785)/10)')
transform2()
Imager also supports a "transform2()" class method which allows you
perform a more general set of operations, rather than just specifying a
spatial transformation as with the transform() method, you can also
perform color transformations, image synthesis and image combinations
from multiple source images.
"transform2()" takes an reference to an options hash, and a list of
images to operate one (this list may be empty):
my %opts;
my @imgs;
...
my $img = Imager::transform2(\%opts, @imgs)
or die "transform2 failed: $Imager::ERRSTR";
The options hash may define a transformation function, and optionally:
· width - the width of the image in pixels. If this isn't supplied
the width of the first input image is used. If there are no input
images an error occurs.
· height - the height of the image in pixels. If this isn't supplied
the height of the first input image is used. If there are no input
images an error occurs.
· constants - a reference to hash of constants to define for the
expression engine. Some extra constants are defined by Imager
· channels - the number of channels in the output image. If this
isn't supplied a 3 channel image will be created.
The transformation function is specified using either the "expr" or
"rpnexpr" member of the options.
Infix expressions
You can supply infix expressions to transform 2 with the "expr"
keyword.
$opts{expr} = 'return getp1(w-x, h-y)'
The 'expression' supplied follows this general grammar:
( identifier '=' expr ';' )* 'return' expr
This allows you to simplify your expressions using variables.
A more complex example might be:
$opts{expr} = 'pix = getp1(x,y); return if(value(pix)>0.8,pix*0.8,pix)'
Currently to use infix expressions you must have the Parse::RecDescent
module installed (available from CPAN). There is also what might be a
significant delay the first time you run the infix expression parser
due to the compilation of the expression grammar.
Postfix expressions
You can supply postfix or reverse-polish notation expressions to
transform2() through the "rpnexpr" keyword.
The parser for "rpnexpr" emulates a stack machine, so operators will
expect to see their parameters on top of the stack. A stack machine
isn't actually used during the image transformation itself.
You can store the value at the top of the stack in a variable called
"foo" using "!foo" and retrieve that value again using @foo. The !foo
notation will pop the value from the stack.
An example equivalent to the infix expression above:
$opts{rpnexpr} = 'x y getp1 !pix @pix value 0.8 gt @pix 0.8 * @pix ifp'
At the end of the expression there should be a single pixel value left
on the stack, which is used as the output pixel.
Operators
transform2() has a fairly rich range of operators.
Each entry below includes the usage with "rpnexpr", formatted as:
operand operand ... operator -- result
If the operand or result begins with "N" it is a numeric value, if it
begins with "C" it is a color or pixel value.
+, *, -, /, %, **
multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, remainder and
exponentiation. Multiplication, addition and subtraction can be
used on color values too - though you need to be careful - adding 2
white values together and multiplying by 0.5 will give you gray,
not white.
Division by zero (or a small number) just results in a large
number. Modulo zero (or a small number) results in zero. % is
implemented using fmod() so you can use this to take a value mod a
floating point value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N1 N2 + -- N
N1 N2 * -- N
N1 N2 - -- N
N1 N2 / -- N
N1 N2 ** -- N
N1 uminus -- N
sin(N), cos(N), atan2(y,x)
Some basic trig functions. They work in radians, so you can't just
use the hue values.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N sin -- N
N cos -- N
Ny Nx atan2 -- N
distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
Find the distance between two points. This is handy (along with
atan2()) for producing circular effects.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Nx1 Ny1 Nx2 Ny2 distance -- N
sqrt(n)
Find the square root. I haven't had much use for this since adding
the distance() function.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N sqrt -- N
abs(n)
Find the absolute value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N abs -- N
getp1(x,y), getp2(x,y), getp3(x, y)
Get the pixel at position (x,y) from the first, second or third
image respectively. I may add a getpn() function at some point,
but this prevents static checking of the instructions against the
number of images actually passed in.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Nx Ny getp1 -- C
Nx Ny getp2 -- C
Nx Ny getp3 -- C
value(c), hue(c), sat(c), hsv(h,s,v), hsva(h,s,v,alpha)
Separates a color value into it's value (brightness), hue (color)
and saturation elements. Use hsv() to put them back together
(after suitable manipulation), or hsva() to include a transparency
value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C value -- N
C hue -- N
C sat -- N
Nh Ns Nv hsv -- C
Nh Ns Nv Na hsva -- C
red(c), green(c), blue(c), rgb(r,g,b), rgba(r,g,b,a)
Separates a color value into it's red, green and blue colors. Use
rgb(r,g,b) to put it back together, or rgba() to include a
transparency value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C red -- N
C green -- N
C blue -- N
Nr Ng Nb rgb -- C
Nr Ng Nb Na rgba -- C
alpha(c)
Retrieve the alpha value from a color.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C alpha -- N
int(n)
Convert a value to an integer. Uses a C int cast, so it may break
on large values.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N int -- N
if(cond,ntrue,nfalse), if(cond,ctrue,cfalse)
A simple (and inefficient) if function.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Ncond N-true-result N-false-result if -- N
Ncond C-true-result C-false-result if -- C
Ncond C-true-result C-false-result ifp -- C
<=,<,==,>=,>,!=
Relational operators (typically used with if()). Since we're
working with floating point values the equalities are 'near
equalities' - an epsilon value is used.
N1 N2 <= -- N
N1 N2 < -- N
N1 N2 >= -- N
N1 N2 > -- N
N1 N2 == -- N
N1 N2 != -- N
&&, ||, not(n)
Basic logical operators.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N1 N2 and -- N
N1 N2 or -- N
N not -- N
log(n), exp(n)
Natural logarithm and exponential.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N log -- N
N exp -- N
det(a, b, c, d)
Calculate the determinant of the 2 x 2 matrix;
a b
c d
"rpnexpr" usage:
Na Nb Nc Nd det -- N
Constants
transform2() defines the following constants:
"pi"
The classical constant.
"w"
"h" The width and height of the output image.
"cx"
"cy"
The center of the output image.
"w"image number
"h"image number
The width and height of each of the input images, "w1" is the width
of the first input image and so on.
"cx"image number
"cy"image number
The center of each of the input images, ("cx1", "cy1") is the
center of the first input image and so on.
A few examples:
rpnexpr=>'x 25 % 15 * y 35 % 10 * getp1 !pat x y getp1 !pix @pix sat 0.7 gt @pat @pix ifp'
tiles a smaller version of the input image over itself where the
color has a saturation over 0.7.
rpnexpr=>'x 25 % 15 * y 35 % 10 * getp1 !pat y 360 / !rat x y getp1 1 @rat - pmult @pat @rat pmult padd'
tiles the input image over itself so that at the top of the image
the full-size image is at full strength and at the bottom the
tiling is most visible.
rpnexpr=>'x y getp1 !pix @pix value 0.96 gt @pix sat 0.1 lt and 128 128 255 rgb @pix ifp'
replace pixels that are white or almost white with a palish blue
rpnexpr=>'x 35 % 10 * y 45 % 8 * getp1 !pat x y getp1 !pix @pix sat 0.2 lt @pix value 0.9 gt and @pix @pat @pix value 2 / 0.5 + pmult ifp'
Tiles the input image over it self where the image isn't white or
almost white.
rpnexpr=>'x y 160 180 distance !d y 180 - x 160 - atan2 !a @d 10 / @a + 3.1416 2 * % !a2 @a2 180 * 3.1416 / 1 @a2 sin 1 + 2 / hsv'
Produces a spiral.
rpnexpr=>'x y 160 180 distance !d y 180 - x 160 - atan2 !a @d 10 / @a + 3.1416 2 * % !a2 @a 180 * 3.1416 / 1 @a2 sin 1 + 2 / hsv'
A spiral built on top of a color wheel.
For details on expression parsing see Imager::Expr. For details on the
virtual machine used to transform the images, see Imager::regmach.
# generate a colorful spiral
# requires that Parse::RecDescent be installed
my $newimg = Imager::transform2({
width => 160, height=>160,
expr => <<EOS
dist = distance(x, y, w/2, h/2);
angle = atan2(y-h/2, x-w/2);
angle2 = (dist / 10 + angle) % ( 2 * pi );
return hsv(angle*180/pi, 1, (sin(angle2)+1)/2);
EOS
});
# replace green portions of an image with another image
my $newimg = Imager::transform2({
rpnexpr => <<EOS
x y getp2 !pat # used to replace green portions
x y getp1 !pix # source with "green screen"
@pix red 10 lt @pix blue 10 lt && # low blue and red
@pix green 254 gt && # and high green
@pat @pix ifp
EOS
}, $source, $background);
Matrix Transformations
matrix_transform()
Rather than having to write code in a little language, you can use
a matrix to perform affine transformations, using the
matrix_transform() method:
my $newimg = $img->matrix_transform(matrix=>[ -1, 0, $img->getwidth-1,
0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1 ]);
By default the output image will be the same size as the input
image, but you can supply the "xsize" and "ysize" parameters to
change the size.
Rather than building matrices by hand you can use the
Imager::Matrix2d module to build the matrices. This class has
methods to allow you to scale, shear, rotate, translate and
reflect, and you can combine these with an overloaded
multiplication operator.
WARNING: the matrix you provide in the matrix operator transforms
the co-ordinates within the destination image to the co-ordinates
within the source image. This can be confusing.
You can also supply a "back" argument which acts as a background
color for the areas of the image with no samples available (outside
the rectangle of the source image.) This can be either an
Imager::Color or Imager::Color::Float object. This is not mixed
transparent pixels in the middle of the source image, it is only
used for pixels where there is no corresponding pixel in the source
image.
perl v5.14.3 2012-09-28 Imager::Engines(3)
