SQL::Statement::Embed(User Contributed Perl DocumentatSQL::Statement::Embed(3)NAMESQL::Statement::Embed - embed a SQL engine in a DBD or module
SYNOPSISDESCRIPTION
SQL::Statement is designed to be easy to embed in other modules and to
be especially easy to embed in DBI drivers. It provides a SQL Engine
and the other module needs to then provide a data source and a storage
mechanism. For example, the DBD::CSV module uses SQL::Statement as an
embedded SQL engine by implementing a file-based data source and by
using DBI as the user interface. Similarly DBD::Amazon uses
SQL::Statement as its SQL engine, provides its own extensions to the
supported SQL syntax, and uses on-the-fly searches of Amazon.com as its
data source.
SQL::Statement is the basis for at least eight existing DBDs (DBI
database drivers). If you have a new data source, you too can create a
DBD without having to reinvent the SQL wheel. It is fun and easy so
become a DBD author today!
SQL::Statement can be also be embedded without DBI. We will explore
that first since developing a DBD uses most of the same methods and
techniques.
The role of SQL::Statement subclasses
SQL::Statement provides a SQL parsing and execution engine. It neither
provides a data source nor storage mechanism other than in-memory
tables. The DBI::DBD::SqlEngine contains a subclass of SQL::Statement
to abstract from embedding SQL::Statement into a DBD and lets you
concentrate on the extensions you need to make. DBD::File extends
DBI::DBD::SqlEngine by providing access to file-based storage
mechanisms. It is quite possible to use things other than files as
data souces, in which case you would not use DBD::File, instead you
would replace DBD::File's methods with your own. In the examples
below, we use DBD::File, replacing only a few methods.
SQL::Statement provides SQL parsing and evaluation and
DBI::DBD::SqlEngine provides DBI integration. The only thing missing
is a data source - what we actually want to store and query. As an
example suppose we are going to create a subclass called 'Foo' that
will provide as a data source the in-memory storage which is used in
SQL::RAM to provide the "TEMP" tables in SQL::Statement, but the rows
are stored as a string using a serializer (Storable).
Consider what needs to happen to perform a SELECT query on our 'Foo'
data:
* receive a SQL string
* parse the SQL string into a request structure
* open the table(s) specified in the request
* define column names and positions for the table
* read rows from the table
* convert the rows from colon-separated format into perl arrays
* match the columns and rows against the requested selection criteria
* return requested rows and columns to the user
To perform operations like INSERT and DELETE, we also need to:
* convert rows from perl arrays into colon-separated format
* write rows
* delete rows
SQL::Statement takes care of all of the SQL parsing and evaluation.
DBD::File takes care of file opening, reading, writing, and deleting.
So the only things 'Foo' is really responsible for are:
* define column names and positions for the table
* convert rows from colon-separated format into perl arrays
* convert rows from perl arrays into colon-separated format
In SQL::Statement subclasses these responsibilities are assigned to two
objects. A ::Statement object is responsible for opening the table by
creating new ::Table objects. A ::Table object is responsible for
defining the column names and positions, opening data sources, reading,
converting, writing and deleting data.
The real work is demzufolge done in the ::Table object, the ::Statement
subclass is required to deliver the right ::Table object.
Creating a ::Statement object
A subclass of SQL::Statement must provide at least one method called
open_table(). The method should open a new Table object and define the
table's columns. For our 'Foo' module, here is the complete object
definition:
package Foo;
package Foo::Statement;
use DBD::File;
use base qw(DBI::DBD::SqlEngine::Statement);
sub open_table {
my ($self, $sth, $table, $createMode, $lockMode) = @_;
my $class = ref $self;
$class =~ s/::Statement/::Table/;
return $class->new ($sth, $table, $createMode, $lockMode);
}
Since 'Foo' is an in-memory data source, we subclass SQL::Statement
indirectly through DBD::File::Statement. The open_table() method lets
DBD::File do the actual table opening. All we do is define the files
directory (f_dir), the names of the columns (col_names) and the
positions of the columns (col_nums). DBD::File creates and returns a
$tbl object. It names that object according to the module that calls
it, so in our case the object will be a Foo::Table object.
Creating a ::Table object
Table objects are responsible for reading, converting, writing, and
deleting data. Since DBD::File provides most of those services, our
'Foo' subclass only needs to define three methods - fetch_row() to read
data, push_row() to write data, and push_names() to store column names.
We will leave deleting to DBD::File, since deleting a record in the
'Foo' format is the same process as deleting a record in any other
simple file-based format. Here is the complete object defintion:
package Foo::Table;
use base qw(DBD::File::Table);
sub fetch_row {
my($self, $data) = @_;
my $fieldstr = $self->{fh}->getline;
return undef unless $fieldstr;
chomp $fieldstr;
my @fields = split /:/,$fieldstr;
$self->{row} = (@fields ? \@fields : undef);
}
sub push_row {
my($self, $data, $fields) = @_;
my $str = join ':', map { defined $_ ? $_ : '' } @$fields;
$self->{fh}->print( $str."\n");
1;
}
sub push_names {}
1;
The fetch_row() method uses DBD::File's getline() method to physically
read a row of data, then we convert it from native colon-separated
format into a perl arrayref.
The push_row() method converts from a perl arrayref back to colon-
separated format then uses DBD::File's print() method to print it to
file.
The push_names method does nothing because it's purpose is to store
column names in a file and in our 'Foo' subclass, we are defining the
column names ourselves, not storing them in a file.
Trying out our new subclass
Here is a script which should create and query a file in our 'Foo'
format. It assumes you have saved the Foo, Foo::Statement, and
Foo::Table classes shown above into a file called Foo.pm.
#!perl -w
use strict;
use Foo;
my $parser = SQL::Parser->new();
$parser->{RaiseError}=1;
$parser->{PrintError}=0;
for my $sql(split /\n/,
" DROP TABLE IF EXISTS group_id
CREATE TABLE group_id (username CHAR,uid INT, gid INT)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('joe',1,1)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('sue',2,1)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('bob',3,2)
SELECT * FROM group_id "
){
my $stmt = Foo::Statement->new($sql,$parser);
$stmt->execute;
next unless $stmt->command eq 'SELECT';
while (my $row=$stmt->fetch) {
print "@$row\n";
}
}
This is the same script as shown in the section on executing and
fetching in SQL::Statement::Structure except that instead of
SQL::Statement->new(), we are using Foo::Statement->new(). The other
difference is that the execute/fetch example was using in-memory
storage while this script is using file-based storage and the 'Foo'
format we defined. When you run this script, you will be creating a
file called "group_id" and it will contain the specified data in colon-
separated format.
Developing a new DBD
Moving from a subclass to a DBD
A DBD based on SQL::Statement uses the same two subclasses that are
shown above. They should be called DBD::Foo::Statement and
DBD::Foo::Table, but would otherwise be identical to the non-DBD
subclass illustrated above. To turn it into a full DBD, you have to
sublass DBD::File, DBD::File::dr, DBD::File::db, and DBD::File::st. In
many cases a simple subclass with few or no methods overridden is
sufficient.
Here is a working DBD::Foo:
package DBD::Foo;
use base qw(DBD::File);
package DBD::Foo::dr;
$DBD::Foo::dr::imp_data_size = 0;
use base qw(DBD::File::dr);
package DBD::Foo::db;
$DBD::Foo::db::imp_data_size = 0;
use base qw(DBD::File::db);
package DBD::Foo::st;
$DBD::Foo::st::imp_data_size = 0;
use base qw(DBD::File::st);
package DBD::Foo::Statement;
use base qw(DBD::File::Statement);
sub open_table {
my $self = shift @_;
my $data = shift @_;
$data->{Database}->{f_dir} = './';
my $tbl = $self->SUPER::open_table($data,@_);
$tbl->{col_names} = [qw(username uid gid)];
$tbl->{col_nums} = {username=>0,uid=>1,gid=>2};
return $tbl;
}
package DBD::Foo::Table;
use base qw(DBD::File::Table);
sub fetch_row {
my($self, $data) = @_;
my $fieldstr = $self->{fh}->getline;
return undef unless $fieldstr;
chomp $fieldstr;
my @fields = split /:/,$fieldstr;
$self->{row} = (@fields ? \@fields : undef);
}
sub push_row {
my($self, $data, $fields) = @_;
my $str = join ':', map { defined $_ ? $_ : '' } @$fields;
$self->{fh}->print( $str."\n");
1;
}
sub push_names {}
1;
A sample script to test our new DBD
Assuming you saved the DBD::Foo shown above as a file called "Foo.pm"
in a directory called "DBD", this script will work, so will most other
DBI methods such as selectall_arrayref, fetchrow_hashref, etc.
#!perl -w
use strict;
use lib qw(/home/jeff/data/module/lib); # or wherever you stored DBD::Foo
use DBI;
my $dbh=DBI->connect('dbi:Foo:');
$dbh->{RaiseError}=1;
$dbh->{PrintError}=0;
for my $sql(split /\n/,
" DROP TABLE IF EXISTS group_id
CREATE TABLE group_id (username CHAR,uid INT, gid INT)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('joe',1,1)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('sue',2,1)
INSERT INTO group_id VALUES('bob',3,2)
SELECT * FROM group_id "
){
my $stmt = $dbh->prepare($sql);
$stmt->execute;
next unless $stmt->{NUM_OF_FIELDS};
while (my $row=$stmt->fetch) {
print "@$row\n";
}
}
Expanding the DBD
Now that we have a basic DBD operational, there are several directions
for expansion. In the first place, we might want to override some or
all of DBD::File::Table to provide alternate means of reading, writing,
and deleting from our data source. We might want to override the
open_table() method to provide a different means of identifying column
names (e.g. reading them from the file itself) or to provide other
kinds of metadata. See SQL::Eval for documentation of the API for
::Table objects and see DBD::File for an example subclass.
We might want to create extensions to the SQL syntax specific to our
DBD. See the section on extending SQL syntax in
SQL::Statement::Syntax.
We might want to provide a completely different kind of data source.
See DBD::DBM (whose source code includes documentation on subclassing
SQL::Statement and DBD::File), and other DBD::File subclasses such as
DBD::CSV.
We might also want to provide a completely different storage mechanism,
something not based on files at all. See DBD::Amazon and DBD::AnyData.
And we will almost certainly want to fine-tune the DBI interface, see
DBI::DBD.
Getting help with a new DBD
The dbi-devATperl.org mailing list should be your first stop in
creating a new DBD. Tim Bunce, the author of DBI and many DBD authors
hang out there. Tell us what you are planning and we will offer
suggestions about similar modules or other people working on similar
issues, or on how to proceed.
AUTHOR & COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2005, Jeff Zucker <jzuckerATcpan.org>, all rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2010, Jens Rehsack <rehsackATcpan.org>, all rights reserved.
This document may be freely modified and distributed under the same
terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.14.1 2010-08-30 SQL::Statement::Embed(3)
