Smart::Comments(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Smart::Comments(3)NAMESmart::Comments - Comments that do more than just sit there
VERSION
This document describes Smart::Comments version 1.0.4
SYNOPSIS
use Smart::Comments;
my $var = suspect_value();
### $var
### got: $var
### Now computing value...
# and when looping:
for my $big_num (@big_nums) { ### Factoring... done
factor($big_num);
}
while ($error > $tolerance) { ### Refining---> done
refine_approximation()
}
for (my $i=0; $i<$MAX_INT; $i++) { ### Working===[%] done
do_something_expensive_with($i);
}
DESCRIPTION
Smart comments provide an easy way to insert debugging and tracking
code into a program. They can report the value of a variable, track the
progress of a loop, and verify that particular assertions are true.
Best of all, when you're finished debugging, you don't have to remove
them. Simply commenting out the "use Smart::Comments" line turns them
back into regular comments. Leaving smart comments in your code is
smart because if you needed them once, you'll almost certainly need
them again later.
INTERFACE
All smart comments start with three (or more) "#" characters. That is,
they are regular "#"-introduced comments whose first two (or more)
characters are also "#"'s.
Using the Module
The module is loaded like any other:
use Smart::Comments;
When loaded it filters the remaining code up to the next:
no Smart::Comments;
directive, replacing any smart comments with smart code that implements
the comments behaviour.
If you're debugging an application you can also invoke it with the
module from the command-line:
perl -MSmart::Comments $application.pl
Of course, this only enables smart comments in the application file
itself, not in any modules that the application loads.
You can also specify particular levels of smartness, by including one
or more markers as arguments to the "use":
use Smart::Comments '###', '####';
These arguments tell the module to filter only those comments that
start with the same number of "#"'s. So the above "use" statement would
"activate" any smart comments of the form:
### Smart...
#### Smarter...
but not those of the form:
##### Smartest...
This facility is useful for differentiating progress bars (see
"Progress Bars"), which should always be active, from debugging
comments (see "Debugging via Comments"), which should not:
#### Debugging here...
for (@values) { ### Progress: 0... 100
do_stuff();
}
Note that, for simplicity, all smart comments described below will be
written with three "#"'s; in all such cases, any number of "#"'s
greater than three could be used instead.
Debugging via Comments
The simplest way to use smart comments is for debugging. The module
supports the following forms, all of which print to "STDERR":
"### LABEL : EXPRESSION"
The LABEL is any sequence of characters up to the first colon. The
EXPRESSION is any valid Perl expression, including a simple
variable. When active, the comment prints the label, followed by
the value of the expression. For example:
### Expected: 2 * $prediction
### Got: $result
prints:
### Expected: 42
### Got: 13
"### EXPRESSION"
The EXPRESSION is any valid Perl expression, including a simple
variable. When active, the comment prints the expression, followed
by the value of the expression. For example:
### 2 * $prediction
### $result
prints:
### 2 * $prediction: 42
### $result: 13
"### TEXT..."
The TEXT is any sequence of characters that end in three dots.
When active, the comment just prints the text, including the dots.
For example:
### Acquiring data...
$data = get_data();
### Verifying data...
verify_data($data);
### Assimilating data...
assimilate_data($data);
### Tired now, having a little lie down...
sleep 900;
would print:
### Acquiring data...
### Verifying data...
### Assimilating data...
### Tired now, having a little lie down...
as each phase commenced. This is particularly useful for tracking
down precisely where a bug is occurring. It is also useful in non-
debugging situations, especially when batch processing, as a simple
progress feedback mechanism.
Within a textual smart comment you can use the special sequence
"<now>" (or "<time>" or "<when>") which is replaced with a
timestamp. For example:
### [<now>] Acquiring data...
would produce something like:
### [Fri Nov 18 15:11:15 EST 2005] Acquiring data...
There are also "spacestamps": "<here>" (or "<line>" or "<loc>" or
"<place>" or "<where>"):
### Acquiring data at <loc>...
to produce something like:
### Acquiring data at "demo.pl", line 7...
You can, of course, use both in the same comment as well.
Checks and Assertions via Comments
"### require: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
"### assert: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
"### ensure: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
"### insist: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
These four are synonyms for the same behaviour. The comment
evaluates the expression in a boolean context. If the result is
true, nothing more is done. If the result is false, the comment
throws an exception listing the expression, the fact that it
failed, and the values of any variables used in the expression.
For example, given the following assertion:
### require: $min < $result && $result < $max
if the expression evaluated false, the comment would die with the
following message:
### $min < $result && $result < $max was not true at demo.pl line 86.
### $min was: 7
### $result was: 1000004
### $max was: 99
"### check: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
"### confirm: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
"### verify: BOOLEAN_EXPR"
These three are synonyms for the same behaviour. The comment
evaluates the expression in a boolean context. If the result is
true, nothing more is done. If the result is false, the comment
prints a warning message listing the expression, the fact that it
failed, and the values of any variables used in the expression.
The effect is identical to that of the four assertions listed
earlier, except that "warn" is used instead of "die".
Progress Bars
You can put a smart comment on the same line as any of the following
types of Perl loop:
foreach my VAR ( LIST ) { ### Progressing... done
for my VAR ( LIST ) { ### Progressing... done
foreach ( LIST ) { ### Progressing... done
for ( LIST ) { ### Progressing... done
while (CONDITION) { ### Progressing... done
until (CONDITION) { ### Progressing... done
for (INIT; CONDITION; INCR) { ### Progressing... done
In each case, the module animates the comment, causing the dots to
extend from the left text, reaching the right text on the last
iteration. For "open ended" loops (like "while" and C-style "for"
loops), the dots will never reach the right text and their progress
slows down as the number of iterations increases.
For example, a smart comment like:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating... done
would be animated is the following sequence (which would appear
sequentially on a single line, rather than on consecutive lines):
Evaluating done
Evaluating...... done
Evaluating............. done
Evaluating................... done
Evaluating..........................done
The module animates the first sequence of three identical characters in
the comment, provided those characters are followed by a gap of at
least two whitespace characters. So you can specify different types of
progress bars. For example:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating::: done
or:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating=== done
or:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating||| done
If the characters to be animated are immediately followed by other non-
whitespace characters before the gap, then those other non-whitespace
characters are used as an "arrow head" or "leader" and are pushed right
by the growing progress bar. For example:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating===| done
would animate like so:
Evaluating| done
Evaluating=====| done
Evaluating============| done
Evaluating==================| done
Evaluating==========================done
If a percentage character ("%") appears anywhere in the comment, it is
replaced by the percentage completion. For example:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating [===| ] % done
animates like so:
Evaluating [| ] 0% done
Evaluating [===| ] 25% done
Evaluating [========| ] 50% done
Evaluating [============| ] 75% done
Evaluating [=================] 100% done
If the "%" is in the "arrow head" it moves with the progress bar. For
example:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating |===[%] |
would be aninated like so:
Evaluating |[0%] |
Evaluating |=[25%] |
Evaluating |========[50%] |
Evaluating |===============[75%] |
Evaluating |===========================|
For "open-ended" loops, the percentage completion is unknown, so the
module replaces each "%" with the current iteration count. For example:
while ($next ne $target) { ### Evaluating |===[%] |
would animate like so:
Evaluating |[0] |
Evaluating |=[2] |
Evaluating |==[3] |
Evaluating |===[5] |
Evaluating |====[7] |
Evaluating |=====[8] |
Evaluating |======[11] |
Note that the non-sequential numbering in the above example is a result
of the "hurry up and slow down" algorithm that prevents open-ended
loops from ever reaching the right-hand side.
As a special case, if the progress bar is drawn as two pairs of
identical brackets:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating: [][]
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating: {}{}
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating: ()()
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating: <><>
Then the bar grows by repeating bracket pairs:
Evaluating: [
Evaluating: []
Evaluating: [][
Evaluating: [][]
Evaluating: [][][
etc.
Finally, progress bars don't have to have an animated component. They
can just report the loop's progress numerically:
for (@candidates) { ### Evaluating (% done)
which would animate (all of the same line):
Evaluating (0% done)
Evaluating (25% done)
Evaluating (50% done)
Evaluating (75% done)
Evaluating (100% done)
Time-Remaining Estimates
When a progress bar is used with a "for" loop, the module tracks how
long each iteration is taking and makes an estimate of how much time
will be required to complete the entire loop.
Normally this estimate is not shown, unless the estimate becomes large
enough to warrant informing the user. Specifically, the estimate will
be shown if, after five seconds, the time remaining exceeds ten
seconds. In other words, a time-remaining estimate is shown if the
module detects a "for" loop that is likely to take more than 15 seconds
in total. For example:
for (@seven_samurai) { ### Fighting: [||| ]
fight();
sleep 5;
}
would be animated like so:
Fighting: [ ]
Fighting: [|||| ]
Fighting: [||||||||| ] (about 20 seconds remaining)
Fighting: [|||||||||||||| ] (about 20 seconds remaining)
Fighting: [|||||||||||||||||| ] (about 10 seconds remaining)
Fighting: [||||||||||||||||||||||| ] (less than 10 seconds remaining)
Fighting: [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||]
The precision of the reported time-remaining estimate is deliberately
vague, mainly to prevent it being annoyingly wrong.
DIAGNOSTICS
In a sense, everything this module does is a diagnostic. All comments
that print anything, print it to "STDERR".
However, the module itself has only one diagnostic:
"Incomprehensible arguments: %s in call to 'use Smart::Comments"
You loaded the module and passed it an argument that wasn't
three-or- more "#"'s. Arguments like '###', '####', '#####', etc.
are the only ones that the module accepts.
CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENTSmart::Comments can make use of an environment variable from your
shell: "Smart_Comments". This variable can be specified either with a
true/false value (i.e. 1 or 0) or with the same arguments as may be
passed on the "use" line when loading the module (see "INTERFACE").
The following table summarizes the behaviour:
Value of
$ENV{Smart_Comments} Equivalent Perl
1 use Smart::Comments;
0 no Smart::Comments;
'###:####' use Smart::Comments qw(### ####);
'### ####' use Smart::Comments qw(### ####);
To enable the "Smart_Comments" environment variable, you need to load
the module with the "-ENV" flag:
use Smart::Comments -ENV;
Note that you can still specify other arguments in the "use" statement:
use Smart::Comments-ENV, qw(### #####);
In this case, the contents of the environment variable replace the
"-ENV" in the argument list.
DEPENDENCIES
The module requires the following modules:
· Filter::Simple
· version.pm
· List::Util
· Data::Dumper
· Text::Balanced
INCOMPATIBILITIES
None reported. This module is probably even relatively safe with other
Filter::Simple modules since it is very specific and limited in what it
filters.
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
No bugs have been reported.
This module has the usual limitations of source filters (i.e. it looks
smarter than it is).
Please report any bugs or feature requests to
"bug-smart-comments@rt.cpan.org", or through the web interface at
<http://rt.cpan.org>.
AUTHOR
Damian Conway "<DCONWAY@cpan.org>"
LICENCE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2005, Damian Conway "<DCONWAY@cpan.org>". All rights
reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE SOFTWARE, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT
WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER
PARTIES PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH
YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL
NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR, OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE AS PERMITTED BY THE ABOVE LICENCE, BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE
SOFTWARE (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING
RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A
FAILURE OF THE SOFTWARE TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF
SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.
perl v5.14.0 2009-09-04 Smart::Comments(3)
