Want(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Want(3)NAMEWant - A generalisation of "wantarray"
SYNOPSIS
use Want;
sub foo :lvalue {
if (want(qw'LVALUE ASSIGN')) {
print "We have been assigned ", want('ASSIGN');
lnoreturn;
}
elsif (want('LIST')) {
rreturn (1, 2, 3);
}
elsif (want('BOOL')) {
rreturn 0;
}
elsif (want(qw'SCALAR !REF')) {
rreturn 23;
}
elsif (want('HASH')) {
rreturn { foo => 17, bar => 23 };
}
return; # You have to put this at the end to keep the compiler happy
}
DESCRIPTION
This module generalises the mechanism of the wantarray function,
allowing a function to determine in some detail how its return value is
going to be immediately used.
Top-level contexts:
The three kinds of top-level context are well known:
VOID
The return value is not being used in any way. It could be an
entire statement like "foo();", or the last component of a compound
statement which is itself in void context, such as "$test ||
foo();"n. Be warned that the last statement of a subroutine will be
in whatever context the subroutine was called in, because the
result is implicitly returned.
SCALAR
The return value is being treated as a scalar value of some sort:
my $x = foo();
$y += foo();
print "123" x foo();
print scalar foo();
warn foo()->{23};
...etc...
LIST
The return value is treated as a list of values:
my @x = foo();
my ($x) = foo();
() = foo(); # even though the results are discarded
print foo();
bar(foo()); # unless the bar subroutine has a prototype
print @hash{foo()}; # (hash slice)
...etc...
Lvalue subroutines:
The introduction of lvalue subroutines in Perl 5.6 has created a new
type of contextual information, which is independent of those listed
above. When an lvalue subroutine is called, it can either be called in
the ordinary way (so that its result is treated as an ordinary value,
an rvalue); or else it can be called so that its result is considered
updatable, an lvalue.
These rather arcane terms (lvalue and rvalue) are easier to remember if
you know why they are so called. If you consider a simple assignment
statement "left = right", then the left-hand side is an lvalue and the
right-hand side is an rvalue.
So (for lvalue subroutines only) there are two new types of context:
RVALUE
The caller is definitely not trying to assign to the result:
foo();
my $x = foo();
...etc...
If the sub is declared without the ":lvalue" attribute, then it
will always be in RVALUE context.
If you need to return values from an lvalue subroutine in RVALUE
context, you should use the "rreturn" function rather than an
ordinary "return". Otherwise you'll probably get a compile-time
error in perl 5.6.1 and later.
LVALUE
Either the caller is directly assigning to the result of the sub
call:
foo() = $x;
foo() = (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8);
or the caller is making a reference to the result, which might be
assigned to later:
my $ref = \(foo()); # Could now have: $$ref = 99;
# Note that this example imposes LIST context on the sub call.
# So we're taking a reference to the first element to be
# returned _in list context_.
# If we want to call the function in scalar context, we can
# do it like this:
my $ref = \(scalar foo());
or else the result of the function call is being used as part of
the argument list for another function call:
bar(foo()); # Will *always* call foo in lvalue context,
# (provided that foo is an C<:lvalue> sub)
# regardless of what bar actually does.
The reason for this last case is that bar might be a sub which
modifies its arguments. They're rare in contemporary Perl code, but
perfectly possible:
sub bar {
$_[0] = 23;
}
(This is really a throwback to Perl 4, which didn't support
explicit references.)
Assignment context:
The commonest use of lvalue subroutines is with the assignment
statement:
size() = 12;
(list()) = (1..10);
A useful motto to remember when thinking about assignment statements is
context comes from the left. Consider code like this:
my ($x, $y, $z);
sub list () :lvalue { ($x, $y, $z) }
list = (1, 2, 3);
print "\$x = $x; \$y = $y; \$z = $z\n";
This prints "$x = ; $y = ; $z = 3", which may not be what you were
expecting. The reason is that the assignment is in scalar context, so
the comma operator is in scalar context too, and discards all values
but the last. You can fix it by writing "(list) = (1,2,3);" instead.
If your lvalue subroutine is used on the left of an assignment
statement, it's in ASSIGN context. If ASSIGN is the only argument to
"want()", then it returns a reference to an array of the value(s) of
the right-hand side.
In this case, you should return with the "lnoreturn" function, rather
than an ordinary "return".
This makes it very easy to write lvalue subroutines which do clever
things:
use Want;
use strict;
sub backstr :lvalue {
if (want(qw'LVALUE ASSIGN')) {
my ($a) = want('ASSIGN');
$_[0] = reverse $a;
lnoreturn;
}
elsif (want('RVALUE')) {
rreturn scalar reverse $_[0];
}
else {
carp("Not in ASSIGN context");
}
return
}
print "foo -> ", backstr("foo"), "\n"; # foo -> oof
backstr(my $robin) = "nibor";
print "\$robin is now $robin\n"; # $robin is now robin
Notice that you need to put a (meaningless) return statement at the end
of the function, otherwise you will get the error Can't modify non-
lvalue subroutine call in lvalue subroutine return.
The only way to write that "backstr" function without using Want is to
return a tied variable which is tied to a custom class.
Reference context:
Sometimes in scalar context the caller is expecting a reference of some
sort to be returned:
print foo()->(); # CODE reference expected
print foo()->{bar}; # HASH reference expected
print foo()->[23]; # ARRAY reference expected
print ${foo()}; # SCALAR reference expected
print foo()->bar(); # OBJECT reference expected
my $format = *{foo()}{FORMAT} # GLOB reference expected
You can check this using conditionals like "if (want('CODE'))". There
is also a function "wantref()" which returns one of the strings "CODE",
"HASH", "ARRAY", "GLOB", "SCALAR" or "OBJECT"; or the empty string if a
reference is not expected.
Because "want('SCALAR')" is already used to select ordinary scalar
context, you have to use "want('REFSCALAR')" to find out if a SCALAR
reference is expected. Or you could use "want('REF') eq 'SCALAR'" of
course.
Be warned that "want('ARRAY')" is a very different thing from
"wantarray()".
Item count
Sometimes in list context the caller is expecting a particular number
of items to be returned:
my ($x, $y) = foo(); # foo is expected to return two items
If you pass a number to the "want" function, then it will return true
or false according to whether at least that many items are wanted. So
if we are in the definition of a sub which is being called as above,
then:
want(1) returns true
want(2) returns true
want(3) returns false
Sometimes there is no limit to the number of items that might be used:
my @x = foo();
do_something_with( foo() );
In this case, want(2), "want(100)", "want(1E9)" and so on will all
return true; and so will "want('Infinity')".
The "howmany" function can be used to find out how many items are
wanted. If the context is scalar, then want(1) returns true and
"howmany()" returns 1. If you want to check whether your result is
being assigned to a singleton list, you can say "if (want('LIST', 1)) {
... }".
Boolean context
Sometimes the caller is only interested in the truth or falsity of a
function's return value:
if (everything_is_okay()) {
# Carry on
}
print (foo() ? "ok\n" : "not ok\n");
In the following example, all subroutine calls are in BOOL context:
my $x = ( (foo() && !bar()) xor (baz() || quux()) );
Boolean context, like the reference contexts above, is considered to be
a subcontext of SCALAR.
FUNCTIONSwant(SPECIFIERS)
This is the primary interface to this module, and should suffice
for most purposes. You pass it a list of context specifiers, and
the return value is true whenever all of the specifiers hold.
want('LVALUE', 'SCALAR'); # Are we in scalar lvalue context?
want('RVALUE', 3); # Are at least three rvalues wanted?
want('ARRAY'); # Is the return value used as an array ref?
You can also prefix a specifier with an exclamation mark to
indicate that you don't want it to be true
want(2, '!3'); # Caller wants exactly two items.
want(qw'REF !CODE !GLOB'); # Expecting a reference that
# isn't a CODE or GLOB ref.
want(100, '!Infinity'); # Expecting at least 100 items,
# but there is a limit.
If the REF keyword is the only parameter passed, then the type of
reference will be returned. This is just a synonym for the
"wantref" function: it's included because you might find it useful
if you don't want to pollute your namespace by importing several
functions, and to conform to Damian Conway's suggestion in RFC 21.
Finally, the keyword COUNT can be used, provided that it's the only
keyword you pass. Mixing COUNT with other keywords is an error.
This is a synonym for the "howmany" function.
A full list of the permitted keyword is in the ARGUMENTS section
below.
rreturn
Use this function instead of "return" from inside an lvalue
subroutine when you know that you're in RVALUE context. If you try
to use a normal "return", you'll get a compile-time error in Perl
5.6.1 and above unless you return an lvalue. (Note: this is no
longer true in Perl 5.16, where an ordinary return will once again
work.)
lnoreturn
Use this function instead of "return" from inside an lvalue
subroutine when you're in ASSIGN context and you've used
"want('ASSIGN')" to carry out the appropriate action.
If you use "rreturn" or "lnoreturn", then you have to put a bare
"return;" at the very end of your lvalue subroutine, in order to
stop the Perl compiler from complaining. Think of it as akin to the
"1;" that you have to put at the end of a module. (Note: this is no
longer true in Perl 5.16.)
howmany()
Returns the expectation count, i.e. the number of items expected.
If the expectation count is undefined, that indicates that an
unlimited number of items might be used (e.g. the return value is
being assigned to an array). In void context the expectation count
is zero, and in scalar context it is one.
The same as "want('COUNT')".
wantref()
Returns the type of reference which the caller is expecting, or the
empty string if the caller isn't expecting a reference immediately.
The same as "want('REF')".
EXAMPLES
use Carp 'croak';
use Want 'howmany';
sub numbers {
my $count = howmany();
croak("Can't make an infinite list") if !defined($count);
return (1..$count);
}
my ($one, $two, $three) = numbers();
use Want 'want';
sub pi () {
if (want('ARRAY')) {
return [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9];
}
elsif (want('LIST')) {
return (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9);
}
else {
return 3;
}
}
print pi->[2]; # prints 4
print ((pi)[3]); # prints 1
ARGUMENTS
The permitted arguments to the "want" function are listed below. The
list is structured so that sub-contexts appear below the context that
they are part of.
· VOID
· SCALAR
· REF
· REFSCALAR
· CODE
· HASH
· ARRAY
· GLOB
· OBJECT
· BOOL
· LIST
· COUNT
· <number>
· Infinity
· LVALUE
· ASSIGN
· RVALUE
EXPORT
The "want" and "rreturn" functions are exported by default. The
"wantref" and/or "howmany" functions can also be imported:
use Want qw'want howmany';
If you don't import these functions, you must qualify their names as
(e.g.) "Want::wantref".
INTERFACE
This module is still under development, and the public interface may
change in future versions. The "want" function can now be regarded as
stable.
I'd be interested to know how you're using this module.
SUBTLETIES
There are two different levels of BOOL context. Pure boolean context
occurs in conditional expressions, and the operands of the "xor" and
"!"/"not" operators. Pure boolean context also propagates down through
the "&&" and "||" operators.
However, consider an expression like "my $x = foo() && "yes"". The
subroutine is called in pseudo-boolean context - its return value isn't
entirely ignored, because the undefined value, the empty string and the
integer 0 are all false.
At the moment "want('BOOL')" is true in either pure or pseudo boolean
context. Let me know if this is a problem.
BUGS
* Doesn't work from inside a tie-handler.
AUTHOR
Robin Houston, <robin@cpan.org>
Thanks to Damian Conway for encouragement and good suggestions, and
Father Chrysostomos for a patch.
SEE ALSO
· "wantarray" in perlfunc
· Perl6 RFC 21, by Damian Conway. http://dev.perl.org/rfc/21.html
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2001-2012, Robin Houston. All Rights Reserved. This
module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified
under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.14.2 2012-02-29 Want(3)
