pt::peg::import::peg(n) Parser Tools pt::peg::import::peg(n)______________________________________________________________________________NAME
pt::peg::import::peg - PEG Import Plugin. Read PEG format
SYNOPSIS
package require Tcl 8.5
package require pt::peg::import::peg ?1?
package require pt::peg::to::peg
import text
_________________________________________________________________DESCRIPTION
Are you lost ? Do you have trouble understanding this document ? In
that case please read the overview provided by the Introduction to
Parser Tools. This document is the entrypoint to the whole system the
current package is a part of.
This package implements the parsing expression grammar import plugin
processing PEG markup.
It resides in the Import section of the Core Layer of Parser Tools and
is intended to be used by pt::peg::import, the import manager, sitting
between it and the corresponding core conversion functionality provided
by pt::peg::from::peg.
IMAGE: arch_core_iplugins
While the direct use of this package with a regular interpreter is pos‐
sible, this is strongly disrecommended and requires a number of contor‐
tions to provide the expected environment. The proper way to use this
functionality depends on the situation:
[1] In an untrusted environment the proper access is through the
package pt::peg::import and the import manager objects it pro‐
vides.
[2] In a trusted environment however simply use the package
pt::peg::from::peg and access the core conversion functionality
directly.
API
The API provided by this package satisfies the specification of the
Plugin API found in the Parser Tools Import API specification.
import text
This command takes the PEG markup encoding a parsing expression
grammar and contained in text, and generates the canonical seri‐
alization of said grammar, as specified in section PEG serial‐
ization format. The created value is then returned as the
result of the command.
PEG SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE
peg, a language for the specification of parsing expression grammars is
meant to be human readable, and writable as well, yet strict enough to
allow its processing by machine. Like any computer language. It was
defined to make writing the specification of a grammar easy, something
the other formats found in the Parser Tools do not lend themselves too.
It is formally specified by the grammar shown below, written in itself.
For a tutorial / introduction to the language please go and read the
PEG Language Tutorial.
PEG pe-grammar-for-peg (Grammar)
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Syntactical constructs
Grammar <- WHITESPACE Header Definition* Final EOF ;
Header <- PEG Identifier StartExpr ;
Definition <- Attribute? Identifier IS Expression SEMICOLON ;
Attribute <- (VOID / LEAF) COLON ;
Expression <- Sequence (SLASH Sequence)* ;
Sequence <- Prefix+ ;
Prefix <- (AND / NOT)? Suffix ;
Suffix <- Primary (QUESTION / STAR / PLUS)? ;
Primary <- ALNUM / ALPHA / ASCII / CONTROL / DDIGIT / DIGIT
/ GRAPH / LOWER / PRINTABLE / PUNCT / SPACE / UPPER
/ WORDCHAR / XDIGIT
/ Identifier
/ OPEN Expression CLOSE
/ Literal
/ Class
/ DOT
;
Literal <- APOSTROPH (!APOSTROPH Char)* APOSTROPH WHITESPACE
/ DAPOSTROPH (!DAPOSTROPH Char)* DAPOSTROPH WHITESPACE ;
Class <- OPENB (!CLOSEB Range)* CLOSEB WHITESPACE ;
Range <- Char TO Char / Char ;
StartExpr <- OPEN Expression CLOSE ;
void: Final <- END SEMICOLON WHITESPACE ;
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Lexing constructs
Identifier <- Ident WHITESPACE ;
leaf: Ident <- ('_' / ':' / <alpha>) ('_' / ':' / <alnum>)* ;
Char <- CharSpecial / CharOctalFull / CharOctalPart
/ CharUnicode / CharUnescaped
;
leaf: CharSpecial <- "\\" [nrt'"\[\]\\] ;
leaf: CharOctalFull <- "\\" [0-2][0-7][0-7] ;
leaf: CharOctalPart <- "\\" [0-7][0-7]? ;
leaf: CharUnicode <- "\\" 'u' HexDigit (HexDigit (HexDigit HexDigit?)?)? ;
leaf: CharUnescaped <- !"\\" . ;
void: HexDigit <- [0-9a-fA-F] ;
void: TO <- '-' ;
void: OPENB <- "[" ;
void: CLOSEB <- "]" ;
void: APOSTROPH <- "'" ;
void: DAPOSTROPH <- '"' ;
void: PEG <- "PEG" WHITESPACE ;
void: IS <- "<-" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: VOID <- "void" WHITESPACE ; # Implies that definition has no semantic value.
leaf: LEAF <- "leaf" WHITESPACE ; # Implies that definition has no terminals.
void: END <- "END" WHITESPACE ;
void: SEMICOLON <- ";" WHITESPACE ;
void: COLON <- ":" WHITESPACE ;
void: SLASH <- "/" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: AND <- "&" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: NOT <- "!" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: QUESTION <- "?" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: STAR <- "*" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: PLUS <- "+" WHITESPACE ;
void: OPEN <- "(" WHITESPACE ;
void: CLOSE <- ")" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: DOT <- "." WHITESPACE ;
leaf: ALNUM <- "<alnum>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: ALPHA <- "<alpha>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: ASCII <- "<ascii>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: CONTROL <- "<control>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: DDIGIT <- "<ddigit>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: DIGIT <- "<digit>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: GRAPH <- "<graph>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: LOWER <- "<lower>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: PRINTABLE <- "<print>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: PUNCT <- "<punct>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: SPACE <- "<space>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: UPPER <- "<upper>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: WORDCHAR <- "<wordchar>" WHITESPACE ;
leaf: XDIGIT <- "<xdigit>" WHITESPACE ;
void: WHITESPACE <- (" " / "\t" / EOL / COMMENT)* ;
void: COMMENT <- '#' (!EOL .)* EOL ;
void: EOL <- "\n\r" / "\n" / "\r" ;
void: EOF <- !. ;
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
END;
EXAMPLE
Our example specifies the grammar for a basic 4-operation calculator.
PEG calculator (Expression)
Digit <- '0'/'1'/'2'/'3'/'4'/'5'/'6'/'7'/'8'/'9' ;
Sign <- '-' / '+' ;
Number <- Sign? Digit+ ;
Expression <- '(' Expression ')' / (Factor (MulOp Factor)*) ;
MulOp <- '*' / '/' ;
Factor <- Term (AddOp Term)* ;
AddOp <- '+'/'-' ;
Term <- Number ;
END;
Using higher-level features of the notation, i.e. the character classes
(predefined and custom), this example can be rewritten as
PEG calculator (Expression)
Sign <- [-+] ;
Number <- Sign? <ddigit>+ ;
Expression <- '(' Expression ')' / (Factor (MulOp Factor)*) ;
MulOp <- [*/] ;
Factor <- Term (AddOp Term)* ;
AddOp <- [-+] ;
Term <- Number ;
END;
PEG SERIALIZATION FORMAT
Here we specify the format used by the Parser Tools to serialize Pars‐
ing Expression Grammars as immutable values for transport, comparison,
etc.
We distinguish between regular and canonical serializations. While a
PEG may have more than one regular serialization only exactly one of
them will be canonical.
regular serialization
[1] The serialization of any PEG is a nested Tcl dictionary.
[2] This dictionary holds a single key, pt::grammar::peg, and
its value. This value holds the contents of the grammar.
[3] The contents of the grammar are a Tcl dictionary holding
the set of nonterminal symbols and the starting expres‐
sion. The relevant keys and their values are
rules The value is a Tcl dictionary whose keys are the
names of the nonterminal symbols known to the
grammar.
[1] Each nonterminal symbol may occur only
once.
[2] The empty string is not a legal nonterminal
symbol.
[3] The value for each symbol is a Tcl dictio‐
nary itself. The relevant keys and their
values in this dictionary are
is The value is the serialization of
the parsing expression describing
the symbols sentennial structure, as
specified in the section PE serial‐
ization format.
mode The value can be one of three values
specifying how a parser should han‐
dle the semantic value produced by
the symbol.
value The semantic value of the
nonterminal symbol is an
abstract syntax tree consist‐
ing of a single node node for
the nonterminal itself, which
has the ASTs of the symbol's
right hand side as its chil‐
dren.
leaf The semantic value of the
nonterminal symbol is an
abstract syntax tree consist‐
ing of a single node node for
the nonterminal, without any
children. Any ASTs generated
by the symbol's right hand
side are discarded.
void The nonterminal has no seman‐
tic value. Any ASTs generated
by the symbol's right hand
side are discarded (as well).
start The value is the serialization of the start pars‐
ing expression of the grammar, as specified in the
section PE serialization format.
[4] The terminal symbols of the grammar are specified implic‐
itly as the set of all terminal symbols used in the start
expression and on the RHS of the grammar rules.
canonical serialization
The canonical serialization of a grammar has the format as spec‐
ified in the previous item, and then additionally satisfies the
constraints below, which make it unique among all the possible
serializations of this grammar.
[1] The keys found in all the nested Tcl dictionaries are
sorted in ascending dictionary order, as generated by
Tcl's builtin command lsort -increasing -dict.
[2] The string representation of the value is the canonical
representation of a Tcl dictionary. I.e. it does not con‐
tain superfluous whitespace.
EXAMPLE
Assuming the following PEG for simple mathematical expressions
PEG calculator (Expression)
Digit <- '0'/'1'/'2'/'3'/'4'/'5'/'6'/'7'/'8'/'9' ;
Sign <- '-' / '+' ;
Number <- Sign? Digit+ ;
Expression <- '(' Expression ')' / (Factor (MulOp Factor)*) ;
MulOp <- '*' / '/' ;
Factor <- Term (AddOp Term)* ;
AddOp <- '+'/'-' ;
Term <- Number ;
END;
then its canonical serialization (except for whitespace) is
pt::grammar::peg {
rules {
AddOp {is {/ {t -} {t +}} mode value}
Digit {is {/ {t 0} {t 1} {t 2} {t 3} {t 4} {t 5} {t 6} {t 7} {t 8} {t 9}} mode value}
Expression {is {/ {x {t (} {n Expression} {t )}} {x {n Factor} {* {x {n MulOp} {n Factor}}}}} mode value}
Factor {is {x {n Term} {* {x {n AddOp} {n Term}}}} mode value}
MulOp {is {/ {t *} {t /}} mode value}
Number {is {x {? {n Sign}} {+ {n Digit}}} mode value}
Sign {is {/ {t -} {t +}} mode value}
Term {is {n Number} mode value}
}
start {n Expression}
}
PE SERIALIZATION FORMAT
Here we specify the format used by the Parser Tools to serialize Pars‐
ing Expressions as immutable values for transport, comparison, etc.
We distinguish between regular and canonical serializations. While a
parsing expression may have more than one regular serialization only
exactly one of them will be canonical.
Regular serialization
Atomic Parsing Expressions
[1] The string epsilon is an atomic parsing expres‐
sion. It matches the empty string.
[2] The string dot is an atomic parsing expression. It
matches any character.
[3] The string alnum is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode alphabet or digit charac‐
ter. This is a custom extension of PEs based on
Tcl's builtin command string is.
[4] The string alpha is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode alphabet character. This is
a custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's builtin
command string is.
[5] The string ascii is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode character below U0080. This
is a custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's
builtin command string is.
[6] The string control is an atomic parsing expres‐
sion. It matches any Unicode control character.
This is a custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's
builtin command string is.
[7] The string digit is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode digit character. Note that
this includes characters outside of the [0..9]
range. This is a custom extension of PEs based on
Tcl's builtin command string is.
[8] The string graph is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode printing character, except
for space. This is a custom extension of PEs based
on Tcl's builtin command string is.
[9] The string lower is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode lower-case alphabet charac‐
ter. This is a custom extension of PEs based on
Tcl's builtin command string is.
[10] The string print is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode printing character, includ‐
ing space. This is a custom extension of PEs based
on Tcl's builtin command string is.
[11] The string punct is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode punctuation character. This
is a custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's
builtin command string is.
[12] The string space is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode space character. This is a
custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's builtin
command string is.
[13] The string upper is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any Unicode upper-case alphabet charac‐
ter. This is a custom extension of PEs based on
Tcl's builtin command string is.
[14] The string wordchar is an atomic parsing expres‐
sion. It matches any Unicode word character. This
is any alphanumeric character (see alnum), and any
connector punctuation characters (e.g. under‐
score). This is a custom extension of PEs based on
Tcl's builtin command string is.
[15] The string xdigit is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any hexadecimal digit character. This
is a custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's
builtin command string is.
[16] The string ddigit is an atomic parsing expression.
It matches any decimal digit character. This is a
custom extension of PEs based on Tcl's builtin
command regexp.
[17] The expression [list t x] is an atomic parsing
expression. It matches the terminal string x.
[18] The expression [list n A] is an atomic parsing
expression. It matches the nonterminal A.
Combined Parsing Expressions
[1] For parsing expressions e1, e2, ... the result of
[list / e1 e2 ... ] is a parsing expression as
well. This is the ordered choice, aka prioritized
choice.
[2] For parsing expressions e1, e2, ... the result of
[list x e1 e2 ... ] is a parsing expression as
well. This is the sequence.
[3] For a parsing expression e the result of [list *
e] is a parsing expression as well. This is the
kleene closure, describing zero or more repeti‐
tions.
[4] For a parsing expression e the result of [list +
e] is a parsing expression as well. This is the
positive kleene closure, describing one or more
repetitions.
[5] For a parsing expression e the result of [list &
e] is a parsing expression as well. This is the
and lookahead predicate.
[6] For a parsing expression e the result of [list !
e] is a parsing expression as well. This is the
not lookahead predicate.
[7] For a parsing expression e the result of [list ?
e] is a parsing expression as well. This is the
optional input.
Canonical serialization
The canonical serialization of a parsing expression has the for‐
mat as specified in the previous item, and then additionally
satisfies the constraints below, which make it unique among all
the possible serializations of this parsing expression.
[1] The string representation of the value is the canonical
representation of a pure Tcl list. I.e. it does not con‐
tain superfluous whitespace.
[2] Terminals are not encoded as ranges (where start and end
of the range are identical).
EXAMPLE
Assuming the parsing expression shown on the right-hand side of the
rule
Expression <- '(' Expression ')'
/ Factor (MulOp Factor)*
then its canonical serialization (except for whitespace) is
{/ {x {t (} {n Expression} {t )}} {x {n Factor} {* {x {n MulOp} {n Factor}}}}}
BUGS, IDEAS, FEEDBACK
This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain
bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category pt of the
Tcllib SF Trackers [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=12883].
Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either
package and/or documentation.
KEYWORDS
EBNF, LL(k), PEG, TDPL, context-free languages, expression, grammar,
import, matching, parser, parsing expression, parsing expression gram‐
mar, plugin, push down automaton, recursive descent, serialization,
state, top-down parsing languages, transducer
CATEGORY
Parsing and Grammars
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2009 Andreas Kupries <andreas_kupries@users.sourceforge.net>
pt 1 pt::peg::import::peg(n)
