ZSHCONTRIB(1)ZSHCONTRIB(1)NAMEzshcontrib - user contributions to zsh
DESCRIPTION
The Zsh source distribution includes a number of items contributed by
the user community. These are not inherently a part of the shell, and
some may not be available in every zsh installation. The most signifi‐
cant of these are documented here. For documentation on other contrib‐
uted items such as shell functions, look for comments in the function
source files.
UTILITIES
Accessing On-Line Help
The key sequence ESC h is normally bound by ZLE to execute the run-help
widget (see zshzle(1)). This invokes the run-help command with the
command word from the current input line as its argument. By default,
run-help is an alias for the man command, so this often fails when the
command word is a shell builtin or a user-defined function. By
redefining the run-help alias, one can improve the on-line help pro‐
vided by the shell.
The helpfiles utility, found in the Util directory of the distribution,
is a Perl program that can be used to process the zsh manual to produce
a separate help file for each shell builtin and for many other shell
features as well. The autoloadable run-help function, found in Func‐
tions/Misc, searches for these helpfiles and performs several other
tests to produce the most complete help possible for the command.
There may already be a directory of help files on your system; look in
/usr/share/zsh or /usr/local/share/zsh and subdirectories below those,
or ask your system administrator.
To create your own help files with helpfiles, choose or create a direc‐
tory where the individual command help files will reside. For example,
you might choose ~/zsh_help. If you unpacked the zsh distribution in
your home directory, you would use the commands:
mkdir ~/zsh_help
cd ~/zsh_help
man zshall | colcrt - | \
perl ~/zsh-4.3.6/Util/helpfiles
Next, to use the run-help function, you need to add lines something
like the following to your .zshrc or equivalent startup file:
unalias run-help
autoload run-help
HELPDIR=~/zsh_help
The HELPDIR parameter tells run-help where to look for the help files.
If your system already has a help file directory installed, set HELPDIR
to the path of that directory instead.
Note that in order for `autoload run-help' to work, the run-help file
must be in one of the directories named in your fpath array (see zsh‐
param(1)). This should already be the case if you have a standard zsh
installation; if it is not, copy Functions/Misc/run-help to an appro‐
priate directory.
Recompiling Functions
If you frequently edit your zsh functions, or periodically update your
zsh installation to track the latest developments, you may find that
function digests compiled with the zcompile builtin are frequently out
of date with respect to the function source files. This is not usually
a problem, because zsh always looks for the newest file when loading a
function, but it may cause slower shell startup and function loading.
Also, if a digest file is explicitly used as an element of fpath, zsh
won't check whether any of its source files has changed.
The zrecompile autoloadable function, found in Functions/Misc, can be
used to keep function digests up to date.
zrecompile [ -qt ] [ name ... ]
zrecompile [ -qt ] -p args [ -- args ... ]
This tries to find *.zwc files and automatically re-compile them
if at least one of the original files is newer than the compiled
file. This works only if the names stored in the compiled files
are full paths or are relative to the directory that contains
the .zwc file.
In the first form, each name is the name of a compiled file or a
directory containing *.zwc files that should be checked. If no
arguments are given, the directories and *.zwc files in fpath
are used.
When -t is given, no compilation is performed, but a return sta‐
tus of zero (true) is set if there are files that need to be
re-compiled and non-zero (false) otherwise. The -q option qui‐
ets the chatty output that describes what zrecompile is doing.
Without the -t option, the return status is zero if all files
that needed re-compilation could be compiled and non-zero if
compilation for at least one of the files failed.
If the -p option is given, the args are interpreted as one or
more sets of arguments for zcompile, separated by `--'. For
example:
zrecompile -p \
-R ~/.zshrc -- \
-M ~/.zcompdump -- \
~/zsh/comp.zwc ~/zsh/Completion/*/_*
This compiles ~/.zshrc into ~/.zshrc.zwc if that doesn't exist
or if it is older than ~/.zshrc. The compiled file will be
marked for reading instead of mapping. The same is done for
~/.zcompdump and ~/.zcompdump.zwc, but this compiled file is
marked for mapping. The last line re-creates the file
~/zsh/comp.zwc if any of the files matching the given pattern is
newer than it.
Without the -p option, zrecompile does not create function
digests that do not already exist, nor does it add new functions
to the digest.
The following shell loop is an example of a method for creating func‐
tion digests for all functions in your fpath, assuming that you have
write permission to the directories:
for ((i=1; i <= $#fpath; ++i)); do
dir=$fpath[i]
zwc=${dir:t}.zwc
if [[ $dir == (.|..) || $dir == (.|..)/* ]]; then
continue
fi
files=($dir/*(N-.))
if [[ -w $dir:h && -n $files ]]; then
files=(${${(M)files%/*/*}#/})
if ( cd $dir:h &&
zrecompile -p -U -z $zwc $files ); then
fpath[i]=$fpath[i].zwc
fi
fi
done
The -U and -z options are appropriate for functions in the default zsh
installation fpath; you may need to use different options for your per‐
sonal function directories.
Once the digests have been created and your fpath modified to refer to
them, you can keep them up to date by running zrecompile with no argu‐
ments.
Keyboard Definition
The large number of possible combinations of keyboards, workstations,
terminals, emulators, and window systems makes it impossible for zsh to
have built-in key bindings for every situation. The zkbd utility,
found in Functions/Misc, can help you quickly create key bindings for
your configuration.
Run zkbd either as an autoloaded function, or as a shell script:
zsh -f ~/zsh-4.3.6/Functions/Misc/zkbd
When you run zkbd, it first asks you to enter your terminal type; if
the default it offers is correct, just press return. It then asks you
to press a number of different keys to determine characteristics of
your keyboard and terminal; zkbd warns you if it finds anything out of
the ordinary, such as a Delete key that sends neither ^H nor ^?.
The keystrokes read by zkbd are recorded as a definition for an asso‐
ciative array named key, written to a file in the subdirectory .zkbd
within either your HOME or ZDOTDIR directory. The name of the file is
composed from the TERM, VENDOR and OSTYPE parameters, joined by
hyphens.
You may read this file into your .zshrc or another startup file with
the `source' or `.' commands, then reference the key parameter in bind‐
key commands, like this:
source ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.zkbd/$TERM-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE
[[ -n ${key[Left]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Left]}" backward-char
[[ -n ${key[Right]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Right]}" forward-char
# etc.
Note that in order for `autoload zkbd' to work, the zkdb file must be
in one of the directories named in your fpath array (see zshparam(1)).
This should already be the case if you have a standard zsh installa‐
tion; if it is not, copy Functions/Misc/zkbd to an appropriate direc‐
tory.
Dumping Shell State
Occasionally you may encounter what appears to be a bug in the shell,
particularly if you are using a beta version of zsh or a development
release. Usually it is sufficient to send a description of the problem
to one of the zsh mailing lists (see zsh(1)), but sometimes one of the
zsh developers will need to recreate your environment in order to track
the problem down.
The script named reporter, found in the Util directory of the distribu‐
tion, is provided for this purpose. (It is also possible to autoload
reporter, but reporter is not installed in fpath by default.) This
script outputs a detailed dump of the shell state, in the form of
another script that can be read with `zsh -f' to recreate that state.
To use reporter, read the script into your shell with the `.' command
and redirect the output into a file:
. ~/zsh-4.3.6/Util/reporter > zsh.report
You should check the zsh.report file for any sensitive information such
as passwords and delete them by hand before sending the script to the
developers. Also, as the output can be voluminous, it's best to wait
for the developers to ask for this information before sending it.
You can also use reporter to dump only a subset of the shell state.
This is sometimes useful for creating startup files for the first time.
Most of the output from reporter is far more detailed than usually is
necessary for a startup file, but the aliases, options, and zstyles
states may be useful because they include only changes from the
defaults. The bindings state may be useful if you have created any of
your own keymaps, because reporter arranges to dump the keymap creation
commands as well as the bindings for every keymap.
As is usual with automated tools, if you create a startup file with
reporter, you should edit the results to remove unnecessary commands.
Note that if you're using the new completion system, you should not
dump the functions state to your startup files with reporter; use the
compdump function instead (see zshcompsys(1)).
reporter [ state ... ]
Print to standard output the indicated subset of the current
shell state. The state arguments may be one or more of:
all Output everything listed below.
aliases
Output alias definitions.
bindings
Output ZLE key maps and bindings.
completion
Output old-style compctl commands. New completion is
covered by functions and zstyles.
functions
Output autoloads and function definitions.
limits Output limit commands.
options
Output setopt commands.
styles Same as zstyles.
variables
Output shell parameter assignments, plus export commands
for any environment variables.
zstyles
Output zstyle commands.
If the state is omitted, all is assumed.
With the exception of `all', every state can be abbreviated by any pre‐
fix, even a single letter; thus a is the same as aliases, z is the same
as zstyles, etc.
PROMPT THEMES
Installation
You should make sure all the functions from the Functions/Prompts
directory of the source distribution are available; they all begin with
the string `prompt_' except for the special function`promptinit'. You
also need the `colors' function from Functions/Misc. All of these
functions may already have been installed on your system; if not, you
will need to find them and copy them. The directory should appear as
one of the elements of the fpath array (this should already be the case
if they were installed), and at least the function promptinit should be
autoloaded; it will autoload the rest. Finally, to initialize the use
of the system you need to call the promptinit function. The following
code in your .zshrc will arrange for this; assume the functions are
stored in the directory ~/myfns:
fpath=(~/myfns $fpath)
autoload -U promptinit
promptinit
Theme Selection
Use the prompt command to select your preferred theme. This command
may be added to your .zshrc following the call to promptinit in order
to start zsh with a theme already selected.
prompt [ -c | -l ]
prompt [ -p | -h ] [ theme ... ]
prompt [ -s ] theme [ arg ... ]
Set or examine the prompt theme. With no options and a theme
argument, the theme with that name is set as the current theme.
The available themes are determined at run time; use the -l
option to see a list. The special theme `random' selects at
random one of the available themes and sets your prompt to that.
In some cases the theme may be modified by one or more argu‐
ments, which should be given after the theme name. See the help
for each theme for descriptions of these arguments.
Options are:
-c Show the currently selected theme and its parameters, if
any.
-l List all available prompt themes.
-p Preview the theme named by theme, or all themes if no
theme is given.
-h Show help for the theme named by theme, or for the prompt
function if no theme is given.
-s Set theme as the current theme and save state.
prompt_theme_setup
Each available theme has a setup function which is called by the
prompt function to install that theme. This function may define
other functions as necessary to maintain the prompt, including
functions used to preview the prompt or provide help for its
use. You should not normally call a theme's setup function
directly.
ZLE FUNCTIONS
Widgets
These functions all implement user-defined ZLE widgets (see zshzle(1))
which can be bound to keystrokes in interactive shells. To use them,
your .zshrc should contain lines of the form
autoload function
zle -N function
followed by an appropriate bindkey command to associate the function
with a key sequence. Suggested bindings are described below.
bash-style word functions
If you are looking for functions to implement moving over and
editing words in the manner of bash, where only alphanumeric
characters are considered word characters, you can use the func‐
tions described in the next section. The following is suffi‐
cient:
autoload -U select-word-style
select-word-style bash
forward-word-match, backward-word-match
kill-word-match, backward-kill-word-match
transpose-words-match, capitalize-word-match
up-case-word-match, down-case-word-match
select-word-style, match-word-context, match-words-by-style
The eight `-match' functions are drop-in replacements for the
builtin widgets without the suffix. By default they behave in a
similar way. However, by the use of styles and the function
select-word-style, the way words are matched can be altered.
The simplest way of configuring the functions is to use
select-word-style, which can either be called as a normal func‐
tion with the appropriate argument, or invoked as a user-defined
widget that will prompt for the first character of the word
style to be used. The first time it is invoked, the eight
-match functions will automatically replace the builtin ver‐
sions, so they do not need to be loaded explicitly.
The word styles available are as follows. Only the first char‐
acter is examined.
bash Word characters are alphanumeric characters only.
normal As in normal shell operation: word characters are
alphanumeric characters plus any characters present in
the string given by the parameter $WORDCHARS.
shell Words are complete shell command arguments, possibly
including complete quoted strings, or any tokens special
to the shell.
whitespace
Words are any set of characters delimited by whitespace.
default
Restore the default settings; this is usually the same as
`normal'.
More control can be obtained using the zstyle command, as
described in zshmodules(1). Each style is looked up in the con‐
text :zle:widget where widget is the name of the user-defined
widget, not the name of the function implementing it, so in the
case of the definitions supplied by select-word-style the appro‐
priate contexts are :zle:forward-word, and so on. The function
select-word-style itself always defines styles for the context
`:zle:*' which can be overridden by more specific (longer) pat‐
terns as well as explicit contexts.
The style word-style specifies the rules to use. This may have
the following values.
normal Use the standard shell rules, i.e. alphanumerics and
$WORDCHARS, unless overridden by the styles word-chars or
word-class.
specified
Similar to normal, but only the specified characters, and
not also alphanumerics, are considered word characters.
unspecified
The negation of specified. The given characters are
those which will not be considered part of a word.
shell Words are obtained by using the syntactic rules for gen‐
erating shell command arguments. In addition, special
tokens which are never command arguments such as `()' are
also treated as words.
whitespace
Words are whitespace-delimited strings of characters.
The first three of those rules usually use $WORDCHARS, but the
value in the parameter can be overridden by the style
word-chars, which works in exactly the same way as $WORDCHARS.
In addition, the style word-class uses character class syntax to
group characters and takes precedence over word-chars if both
are set. The word-class style does not include the surrounding
brackets of the character class; for example, `-:[:alnum:]' is a
valid word-class to include all alphanumerics plus the charac‐
ters `-' and `:'. Be careful including `]', `^' and `-' as
these are special inside character classes.
The style skip-chars is mostly useful for transpose-words and
similar functions. If set, it gives a count of characters
starting at the cursor position which will not be considered
part of the word and are treated as space, regardless of what
they actually are. For example, if
zstyle ':zle:transpose-words' skip-chars 1
has been set, and transpose-words-match is called with the cur‐
sor on the X of fooXbar, where X can be any character, then the
resulting expression is barXfoo.
Finer grained control can be obtained by setting the style
word-context to an array of pairs of entries. Each pair of
entries consists of a pattern and a subcontext. The shell argu‐
ment the cursor is on is matched against each pattern in turn
until one matches; if it does, the context is extended by a
colon and the corresponding subcontext. Note that the test is
made against the original word on the line, with no stripping of
quotes. If the cursor is at the end of the line the test is
performed against an empty string; if it is on whitespace
between words the test is made against a single space. Some
examples are given below.
Here are some examples of use of the styles, actually taken from
the simplified interface in select-word-style:
zstyle ':zle:*' word-style standard
zstyle ':zle:*' word-chars ''
Implements bash-style word handling for all widgets, i.e. only
alphanumerics are word characters; equivalent to setting the
parameter WORDCHARS empty for the given context.
style ':zle:*kill*' word-style space
Uses space-delimited words for widgets with the word `kill' in
the name. Neither of the styles word-chars nor word-class is
used in this case.
Here are some examples of use of the word-context style to
extend the context.
zstyle ':zle:*' word-context "*/*" file "[[:space:]]" whitespace
zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:whitespace' word-style shell
zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-style normal
zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-chars ''
This provides two different ways of using transpose-words
depending on whether the cursor is on whitespace between words
or on a filename, here any word containing a /. On whitespace,
complete arguments as defined by standard shell rules will be
transposed. In a filename, only alphanumerics will be trans‐
posed. Elsewhere, words will be transposed using the default
style for :zle:transpose-words.
The word matching and all the handling of zstyle settings is
actually implemented by the function match-words-by-style. This
can be used to create new user-defined widgets. The calling
function should set the local parameter curcontext to :zle:wid‐
get, create the local parameter matched_words and call
match-words-by-style with no arguments. On return,
matched_words will be set to an array with the elements: (1) the
start of the line (2) the word before the cursor (3) any
non-word characters between that word and the cursor (4) any
non-word character at the cursor position plus any remaining
non-word characters before the next word, including all charac‐
ters specified by the skip-chars style, (5) the word at or fol‐
lowing the cursor (6) any non-word characters following that
word (7) the remainder of the line. Any of the elements may be
an empty string; the calling function should test for this to
decide whether it can perform its function.
It is possible to pass options with arguments to
match-words-by-style to override the use of styles. The options
are:
-w word-style
-s skip-chars
-c word-class
-C word-chars
For example, match-words-by-style -w shell -c 0 may be used to
extract the command argument around the cursor.
The word-context style is implemented by the function
match-word-context. This should not usually need to be called
directly.
delete-whole-word-match
This is another function which works like the -match functions
described immediately above, i.e. using styles to decide the
word boundaries. However, it is not a replacement for any
existing function.
The basic behaviour is to delete the word around the cursor.
There is no numeric prefix handling; only the single word around
the cursor is considered. If the widget contains the string
kill, the removed text will be placed in the cutbuffer for
future yanking. This can be obtained by defining
kill-whole-word-match as follows:
zle -N kill-whole-word-match delete-whole-word-match
and then binding the widget kill-whole-word-match.
copy-earlier-word
This widget works like a combination of insert-last-word and
copy-prev-shell-word. Repeated invocations of the widget
retrieve earlier words on the relevant history line. With a
numeric argument N, insert the Nth word from the history line; N
may be negative to count from the end of the line.
If insert-last-word has been used to retrieve the last word on a
previous history line, repeated invocations will replace that
word with earlier words from the same line.
Otherwise, the widget applies to words on the line currently
being edited. The widget style can be set to the name of
another widget that should be called to retrieve words. This
widget must accept the same three arguments as insert-last-word.
cycle-completion-positions
After inserting an unambiguous string into the command line, the
new function based completion system may know about multiple
places in this string where characters are missing or differ
from at least one of the possible matches. It will then place
the cursor on the position it considers to be the most interest‐
ing one, i.e. the one where one can disambiguate between as many
matches as possible with as little typing as possible.
This widget allows the cursor to be easily moved to the other
interesting spots. It can be invoked repeatedly to cycle
between all positions reported by the completion system.
edit-command-line
Edit the command line using your visual editor, as in ksh.
bindkey -M vicmd v edit-command-line
history-search-end
This function implements the widgets history-begin‐
ning-search-backward-end and history-beginning-search-for‐
ward-end. These commands work by first calling the correspond‐
ing builtin widget (see `History Control' in zshzle(1)) and then
moving the cursor to the end of the line. The original cursor
position is remembered and restored before calling the builtin
widget a second time, so that the same search is repeated to
look farther through the history.
Although you autoload only one function, the commands to use it
are slightly different because it implements two widgets.
zle -N history-beginning-search-backward-end \
history-search-end
zle -N history-beginning-search-forward-end \
history-search-end
bindkey '\e^P' history-beginning-search-backward-end
bindkey '\e^N' history-beginning-search-forward-end
history-beginning-search-menu
This function implements yet another form of history searching.
The text before the cursor is used to select lines from the his‐
tory, as for history-beginning-search-backward except that all
matches are shown in a numbered menu. Typing the appropriate
digits inserts the full history line. Note that leading zeroes
must be typed (they are only shown when necessary for removing
ambiguity). The entire history is searched; there is no dis‐
tinction between forwards and backwards.
With a prefix argument, the search is not anchored to the start
of the line; the string typed by the use may appear anywhere in
the line in the history.
If the widget name contains `-end' the cursor is moved to the
end of the line inserted. If the widget name contains `-space'
any space in the text typed is treated as a wildcard and can
match anything (hence a leading space is equivalent to giving a
prefix argument). Both forms can be combined, for example:
zle -N history-beginning-search-menu-space-end \
history-beginning-search-menu
history-pattern-search
The function history-pattern-search implements widgets which
prompt for a pattern with which to search the history backwards
or forwards. The pattern is in the usual zsh format, however
the first character may be ^ to anchor the search to the start
of the line, and the last character may be $ to anchor the
search to the end of the line. If the search was not anchored
to the end of the line the cursor is positioned just after the
pattern found.
The commands to create bindable widgets are similar to those in
the example immediately above:
autoload -U history-pattern-search
zle -N history-pattern-search-backward history-pattern-search
zle -N history-pattern-search-forward history-pattern-search
up-line-or-beginning-search, down-line-or-beginning-search
These widgets are similar to the builtin functions
up-line-or-search and down-line-or-search: if in a multiline
buffer they move up or down within the buffer, otherwise they
search for a history line matching the start of the current
line. In this case, however, they search for a line which
matches the current line up to the current cursor position, in
the manner of history-beginning-search-backward and -forward,
rather than the first word on the line.
incarg Typing the keystrokes for this widget with the cursor placed on
or to the left of an integer causes that integer to be incre‐
mented by one. With a numeric prefix argument, the number is
incremented by the amount of the argument (decremented if the
prefix argument is negative). The shell parameter incarg may be
set to change the default increment to something other than one.
bindkey '^X+' incarg
incremental-complete-word
This allows incremental completion of a word. After starting
this command, a list of completion choices can be shown after
every character you type, which you can delete with ^H or DEL.
Pressing return accepts the completion so far and returns you to
normal editing (that is, the command line is not immediately
executed). You can hit TAB to do normal completion, ^G to abort
back to the state when you started, and ^D to list the matches.
This works only with the new function based completion system.
bindkey '^Xi' incremental-complete-word
insert-composed-char
This function allows you to compose characters that don't appear
on the keyboard to be inserted into the command line. The com‐
mand is followed by two keys corresponding to ASCII characters
(there is no prompt). For accented characters, the two keys are
a base character followed by a code for the accent, while for
other special characters the two characters together form a
mnemonic for the character to be inserted. The two-character
codes are a subset of those given by RFC 1345 (see for example
http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1345.html).
The function may optionally be followed by up to two characters
which replace one or both of the characters read from the key‐
board; if both characters are supplied, no input is read. For
example, insert-composed-char a: can be used within a widget to
insert an a with umlaut into the command line. This has the
advantages over use of a literal character that it is more por‐
table.
For best results zsh should have been built with support for
multibyte characters (configured with --enable-multibyte); how‐
ever, the function works for the limited range of characters
available in single-byte character sets such as ISO-8859-1.
The character is converted into the local representation and
inserted into the command line at the cursor position. (The
conversion is done within the shell, using whatever facilities
the C library provides.) With a numeric argument, the character
and its code are previewed in the status line
The function may be run outside zle in which case it prints the
character (together with a newline) to standard output. Input
is still read from keystrokes.
See insert-unicode-char for an alternative way of inserting Uni‐
code characters using their hexadecimal character number.
The set of accented characters is reasonably complete up to Uni‐
code character U+0180, the set of special characters less so.
However, it it is very sporadic from that point. Adding new
characters is easy, however; see the function define-com‐
posed-chars. Please send any additions to zsh-workers@sun‐
site.dk.
The codes for the second character when used to accent the first
are as follows. Note that not every character can take every
accent.
! Grave.
' Acute.
> Circumflex.
? Tilde. (This is not ~ as RFC 1345 does not assume that
character is present on the keyboard.)
- Macron. (A horizontal bar over the base character.)
( Breve. (A shallow dish shape over the base character.)
. Dot above the base character, or in the case of i no dot,
or in the case of L and l a centered dot.
: Diaeresis (Umlaut).
c Cedilla.
_ Underline, however there are currently no underlined
characters.
/ Stroke through the base character.
" Double acute (only supported on a few letters).
; Ogonek. (A little forward facing hook at the bottom
right of the character.)
< Caron. (A little v over the letter.)
0 Circle over the base character.
2 Hook over the base character.
9 Horn over the base character.
The most common characters from the Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek and
Hebrew alphabets are available; consult RFC 1345 for the appro‐
priate sequences. In addition, a set of two letter codes not in
RFC 1345 are available for the double-width characters corre‐
sponding to ASCII characters from ! to ~ (0x21 to 0x7e) by pre‐
ceding the character with ^, for example ^A for a double-width
A.
The following other two-character sequences are understood.
ASCII characters
These are already present on most keyboards:
<( Left square bracket
// Backslash (solidus)
)> Right square bracket
(! Left brace (curly bracket)
!! Vertical bar (pipe symbol)
!) Right brace (curly bracket)
'? Tilde
Special letters
Characters found in various variants of the Latin alpha‐
bet:
ss Eszett (scafes S)
D-, d- Eth
TH, th Thorn
kk Kra
'n 'n
NG, ng Ng
OI, oi Oi
yr yr
ED ezh
Currency symbols
Ct Cent
Pd Pound sterling (also lira and others)
Cu Currency
Ye Yen
Eu Euro (N.B. not in RFC 1345)
Punctuation characters
References to "right" quotes indicate the shape (like a 9
rather than 6) rather than their grammatical use. (For
example, a "right" low double quote is used to open quo‐
tations in German.)
!I Inverted exclamation mark
BB Broken vertical bar
SE Section
Co Copyright
-a Spanish feminine ordinal indicator
<< Left guillemet
-- Soft hyphen
Rg Registered trade mark
PI Pilcrow (paragraph)
-o Spanish masculine ordinal indicator
>> Right guillemet
?I Inverted question mark
-1 Hyphen
-N En dash
-M Em dash
-3 Horizontal bar
:3 Vertical ellipsis
.3 Horizontal midline ellipsis
!2 Double vertical line
=2 Double low line
'6 Left single quote
'9 Right single quote
.9 "Right" low quote
9' Reversed "right" quote
"6 Left double quote
"9 Right double quote
:9 "Right" low double quote
9" Reversed "right" double quote
/- Dagger
/= Double dagger
Mathematical symbols
DG Degree
-2, +-, -+
- sign, +/- sign, -/+ sign
2S Superscript 2
3S Superscript 3
1S Superscript 1
My Micro
.M Middle dot
14 Quarter
12 Half
34 Three quarters
*X Multiplication
-: Division
%0 Per mille
FA, TE, /0
For all, there exists, empty set
dP, DE, NB
Partial derivative, delta (increment), del (nabla)
(-, -) Element of, contains
*P, +Z Product, sum
*-, Ob, Sb
Asterisk, ring, bullet
RT, 0(, 00
Root sign, proportional to, infinity
Other symbols
cS, cH, cD, cC
Card suits: spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs
Md, M8, M2, Mb, Mx, MX
Musical notation: crotchet (quarter note), quaver (eighth
note), semiquavers (sixteenth notes), flag sign, natural
sign, sharp sign
Fm, Ml Female, male
Accents on their own
'> Circumflex (same as caret, ^)
'! Grave (same as backtick, `)
', Cedilla
': Diaeresis (Umlaut)
'm Macron
'' Acute
insert-files
This function allows you type a file pattern, and see the
results of the expansion at each step. When you hit return, all
expansions are inserted into the command line.
bindkey '^Xf' insert-files
narrow-to-region [ -p pre ] [ -P post ]
[ -S statepm | -R statepm ] [ -n ] [ start end ])
narrow-to-region-invisible
Narrow the editable portion of the buffer to the region between
the cursor and the mark, which may be in either order. The
region may not be empty.
narrow-to-region may be used as a widget or called as a function
from a user-defined widget; by default, the text outside the
editable area remains visible. A recursive-edit is performed
and the original widening status is then restored. Various
options and arguments are available when it is called as a func‐
tion.
The options -p pretext and -P posttext may be used to replace
the text before and after the display for the duration of the
function; either or both may be an empty string.
If the option -n is also given, pretext or posttext will only be
inserted if there is text before or after the region respec‐
tively which will be made invisible.
Two numeric arguments may be given which will be used instead of
the cursor and mark positions.
The option -S statepm is used to narrow according to the other
options while saving the original state in the parameter with
name statepm, while the option -R statepm is used to restore the
state from the parameter; note in both cases the name of the
parameter is required. In the second case, other options and
arguments are irrelevant. When this method is used, no recur‐
sive-edit is performed; the calling widget should call this
function with the option -S, perform its own editing on the com‐
mand line or pass control to the user via `zle recursive-edit',
then call this function with the option -R. The argument
statepm must be a suitable name for an ordinary parameter,
except that parameters beginning with the prefix _ntr_ are
reserved for use within narrow-to-region. Typically the parame‐
ter will be local to the calling function.
narrow-to-region-invisible is a simple widget which calls nar‐
row-to-region with arguments which replace any text outside the
region with `...'.
The display is restored (and the widget returns) upon any zle
command which would usually cause the line to be accepted or
aborted. Hence an additional such command is required to accept
or abort the current line.
The return status of both widgets is zero if the line was
accepted, else non-zero.
Here is a trivial example of a widget using this feature.
local state
narrow-to-region -p $'Editing restricted region\n' \
-P '' -S state
zle recursive-edit
narrow-to-region -R state
insert-unicode-char
When first executed, the user inputs a set of hexadecimal dig‐
its. This is terminated with another call to insert-uni‐
code-char. The digits are then turned into the corresponding
Unicode character. For example, if the widget is bound to ^XU,
the character sequence `^XU 4 c ^XU' inserts L (Unicode U+004c).
See insert-composed-char for a way of inserting characters using
a two-character mnemonic.
predict-on
This set of functions implements predictive typing using history
search. After predict-on, typing characters causes the editor
to look backward in the history for the first line beginning
with what you have typed so far. After predict-off, editing
returns to normal for the line found. In fact, you often don't
even need to use predict-off, because if the line doesn't match
something in the history, adding a key performs standard comple‐
tion, and then inserts itself if no completions were found.
However, editing in the middle of a line is liable to confuse
prediction; see the toggle style below.
With the function based completion system (which is needed for
this), you should be able to type TAB at almost any point to
advance the cursor to the next ``interesting'' character posi‐
tion (usually the end of the current word, but sometimes some‐
where in the middle of the word). And of course as soon as the
entire line is what you want, you can accept with return, with‐
out needing to move the cursor to the end first.
The first time predict-on is used, it creates several additional
widget functions:
delete-backward-and-predict
Replaces the backward-delete-char widget. You do not
need to bind this yourself.
insert-and-predict
Implements predictive typing by replacing the self-insert
widget. You do not need to bind this yourself.
predict-off
Turns off predictive typing.
Although you autoload only the predict-on function, it is neces‐
sary to create a keybinding for predict-off as well.
zle -N predict-on
zle -N predict-off
bindkey '^X^Z' predict-on
bindkey '^Z' predict-off
read-from-minibuffer
This is most useful when called as a function from inside a wid‐
get, but will work correctly as a widget in its own right. It
prompts for a value below the current command line; a value may
be input using all of the standard zle operations (and not
merely the restricted set available when executing, for example,
execute-named-cmd). The value is then returned to the calling
function in the parameter $REPLY and the editing buffer restored
to its previous state. If the read was aborted by a keyboard
break (typically ^G), the function returns status 1 and $REPLY
is not set.
If one argument is supplied to the function it is taken as a
prompt, otherwise `? ' is used. If two arguments are supplied,
they are the prompt and the initial value of $LBUFFER, and if a
third argument is given it is the initial value of $RBUFFER.
This provides a default value and starting cursor placement.
Upon return the entire buffer is the value of $REPLY.
One option is available: `-k num' specifies that num characters
are to be read instead of a whole line. The line editor is not
invoked recursively in this case, so depending on the terminal
settings the input may not be visible, and only the input keys
are placed in $REPLY, not the entire buffer. Note that unlike
the read builtin num must be given; there is no default.
The name is a slight misnomer, as in fact the shell's own
minibuffer is not used. Hence it is still possible to call exe‐
cuted-named-cmd and similar functions while reading a value.
replace-string, replace-pattern
replace-string-again, replace-pattern-again
The function replace-string implements two widgets. If defined
under the same name as the function, it prompts for two strings;
the first (source) string will be replaced by the second every‐
where it occurs in the line editing buffer.
If the widget name contains the word `pattern', for example by
defining the widget using the command `zle -N replace-pattern
replace-string', then the replacement is done by pattern match‐
ing. All zsh extended globbing patterns can be used in the
source string; note that unlike filename generation the pattern
does not need to match an entire word, nor do glob qualifiers
have any effect. In addition, the replacement string can con‐
tain parameter or command substitutions. Furthermore, a `&' in
the replacement string will be replaced with the matched source
string, and a backquoted digit `\N' will be replaced by the Nth
parenthesised expression matched. The form `\{N}' may be used
to protect the digit from following digits.
By default the previous source or replacement string will not be
offered for editing. However, this feature can be activated by
setting the style edit-previous in the context :zle:widget (for
example, :zle:replace-string) to true. In addition, a positive
numeric argument forces the previous values to be offered, a
negative or zero argument forces them not to be.
The function replace-string-again can be used to repeat the pre‐
vious replacement; no prompting is done. As with
replace-string, if the name of the widget contains the word
`pattern', pattern matching is performed, else a literal string
replacement. Note that the previous source and replacement text
are the same whether pattern or string matching is used.
For example, starting from the line:
print This line contains fan and fond
and invoking replace-pattern with the source string `f(?)n' and
the replacement string `c\1r' produces the not very useful line:
print This line contains car and cord
The range of the replacement string can be limited by using the
narrow-to-region-invisible widget. One limitation of the cur‐
rent version is that undo will cycle through changes to the
replacement and source strings before undoing the replacement
itself.
smart-insert-last-word
This function may replace the insert-last-word widget, like so:
zle -N insert-last-word smart-insert-last-word
With a numeric prefix, or when passed command line arguments in
a call from another widget, it behaves like insert-last-word,
except that words in comments are ignored when INTERACTIVE_COM‐
MENTS is set.
Otherwise, the rightmost ``interesting'' word from the previous
command is found and inserted. The default definition of
``interesting'' is that the word contains at least one alpha‐
betic character, slash, or backslash. This definition may be
overridden by use of the match style. The context used to look
up the style is the widget name, so usually the context is
:insert-last-word. However, you can bind this function to dif‐
ferent widgets to use different patterns:
zle -N insert-last-assignment smart-insert-last-word
zstyle :insert-last-assignment match '[[:alpha:]][][[:alnum:]]#=*'
bindkey '\e=' insert-last-assignment
If no interesting word is found and the auto-previous style is
set to a true value, the search continues upward through the
history. When auto-previous is unset or false (the default),
the widget must be invoked repeatedly in order to search earlier
history lines.
which-command
This function is a drop-in replacement for the builtin widget
which-command. It has enhanced behaviour, in that it correctly
detects whether or not the command word needs to be expanded as
an alias; if so, it continues tracing the command word from the
expanded alias until it reaches the command that will be exe‐
cuted.
The style whence is available in the context :zle:$WIDGET; this
may be set to an array to give the command and options that will
be used to investigate the command word found. The default is
whence -c.
Utility Functions
These functions are useful in constructing widgets. They should be
loaded with `autoload -U function' and called as indicated from
user-defined widgets.
split-shell-arguments
This function splits the line currently being edited into shell
arguments and whitespace. The result is stored in the array
reply. The array contains all the parts of the line in order,
starting with any whitespace before the first argument, and fin‐
ishing with any whitespace after the last argument. Hence (so
long as the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set) whitespace is given by
odd indices in the array and arguments by even indices. Note
that no stripping of quotes is done; joining together all the
elements of reply in order is guaranteed to produce the original
line.
The parameter REPLY is set to the index of the word in reply
which contains the character after the cursor, where the first
element has index 1. The parameter REPLY2 is set to the index
of the character under the cursor in that word, where the first
character has index 1.
Hence reply, REPLY and REPLY2 should all be made local to the
enclosing function.
See the function modify-current-argument, described below, for
an example of how to call this function.
modify-current-argument expr-using-$ARG
This function provides a simple method of allowing user-defined
widgets to modify the command line argument under the cursor (or
immediately to the left of the cursor if the cursor is between
arguments). The argument should be an expression which when
evaluated operates on the shell parameter ARG, which will have
been set to the command line argument under the cursor. The
expression should be suitably quoted to prevent it being evalu‐
ated too early.
For example, a user-defined widget containing the following code
converts the characters in the argument under the cursor into
all upper case:
modify-current-argument '${(U)ARG}'
The following strips any quoting from the current word (whether
backslashes or one of the styles of quotes), and replaces it
with single quoting throughout:
modify-current-argument '${(qq)${(Q)ARG}}'
Styles
The behavior of several of the above widgets can be controlled by the
use of the zstyle mechanism. In particular, widgets that interact with
the completion system pass along their context to any completions that
they invoke.
break-keys
This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget. Its
value should be a pattern, and all keys matching this pattern
will cause the widget to stop incremental completion without the
key having any further effect. Like all styles used directly by
incremental-complete-word, this style is looked up using the
context `:incremental'.
completer
The incremental-complete-word and insert-and-predict widgets set
up their top-level context name before calling completion. This
allows one to define different sets of completer functions for
normal completion and for these widgets. For example, to use
completion, approximation and correction for normal completion,
completion and correction for incremental completion and only
completion for prediction one could use:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer \
_complete _correct _approximate
zstyle ':completion:incremental:*' completer \
_complete _correct
zstyle ':completion:predict:*' completer \
_complete
It is a good idea to restrict the completers used in prediction,
because they may be automatically invoked as you type. The
_list and _menu completers should never be used with prediction.
The _approximate, _correct, _expand, and _match completers may
be used, but be aware that they may change characters anywhere
in the word behind the cursor, so you need to watch carefully
that the result is what you intended.
cursor The insert-and-predict widget uses this style, in the context
`:predict', to decide where to place the cursor after completion
has been tried. Values are:
complete
The cursor is left where it was when completion finished,
but only if it is after a character equal to the one just
inserted by the user. If it is after another character,
this value is the same as `key'.
key The cursor is left after the nth occurrence of the char‐
acter just inserted, where n is the number of times that
character appeared in the word before completion was
attempted. In short, this has the effect of leaving the
cursor after the character just typed even if the comple‐
tion code found out that no other characters need to be
inserted at that position.
Any other value for this style unconditionally leaves the cursor
at the position where the completion code left it.
list When using the incremental-complete-word widget, this style says
if the matches should be listed on every key press (if they fit
on the screen). Use the context prefix `:completion:incremen‐
tal'.
The insert-and-predict widget uses this style to decide if the
completion should be shown even if there is only one possible
completion. This is done if the value of this style is the
string always. In this case the context is `:predict' (not
`:completion:predict').
match This style is used by smart-insert-last-word to provide a pat‐
tern (using full EXTENDED_GLOB syntax) that matches an interest‐
ing word. The context is the name of the widget to which
smart-insert-last-word is bound (see above). The default behav‐
ior of smart-insert-last-word is equivalent to:
zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:]/\\]*'
However, you might want to include words that contain spaces:
zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:][:space:]/\\]*'
Or include numbers as long as the word is at least two charac‐
ters long:
zstyle :insert-last-word match '*([[:digit:]]?|[[:alpha:]/\\])*'
The above example causes redirections like "2>" to be included.
prompt The incremental-complete-word widget shows the value of this
style in the status line during incremental completion. The
string value may contain any of the following substrings in the
manner of the PS1 and other prompt parameters:
%c Replaced by the name of the completer function that gen‐
erated the matches (without the leading underscore).
%l When the list style is set, replaced by `...' if the list
of matches is too long to fit on the screen and with an
empty string otherwise. If the list style is `false' or
not set, `%l' is always removed.
%n Replaced by the number of matches generated.
%s Replaced by `-no match-', `-no prefix-', or an empty
string if there is no completion matching the word on the
line, if the matches have no common prefix different from
the word on the line, or if there is such a common pre‐
fix, respectively.
%u Replaced by the unambiguous part of all matches, if there
is any, and if it is different from the word on the line.
Like `break-keys', this uses the `:incremental' context.
stop-keys
This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget. Its
value is treated similarly to the one for the break-keys style
(and uses the same context: `:incremental'). However, in this
case all keys matching the pattern given as its value will stop
incremental completion and will then execute their usual func‐
tion.
toggle This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets
in the context `:predict'. If set to one of the standard `true'
values, predictive typing is automatically toggled off in situa‐
tions where it is unlikely to be useful, such as when editing a
multi-line buffer or after moving into the middle of a line and
then deleting a character. The default is to leave prediction
turned on until an explicit call to predict-off.
verbose
This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets
in the context `:predict'. If set to one of the standard `true'
values, these widgets display a message below the prompt when
the predictive state is toggled. This is most useful in combi‐
nation with the toggle style. The default does not display
these messages.
widget This style is similar to the command style: For widget functions
that use zle to call other widgets, this style can sometimes be
used to override the widget which is called. The context for
this style is the name of the calling widget (not the name of
the calling function, because one function may be bound to mul‐
tiple widget names).
zstyle :copy-earlier-word widget smart-insert-last-word
Check the documentation for the calling widget or function to
determine whether the widget style is used.
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Two functions are provided to enable zsh to provide exception handling
in a form that should be familiar from other languages.
throw exception
The function throw throws the named exception. The name is an
arbitrary string and is only used by the throw and catch func‐
tions. An exception is for the most part treated the same as a
shell error, i.e. an unhandled exception will cause the shell to
abort all processing in a function or script and to return to
the top level in an interactive shell.
catch exception-pattern
The function catch returns status zero if an exception was
thrown and the pattern exception-pattern matches its name. Oth‐
erwise it returns status 1. exception-pattern is a standard
shell pattern, respecting the current setting of the
EXTENDED_GLOB option. An alias catch is also defined to prevent
the argument to the function from matching filenames, so pat‐
terns may be used unquoted. Note that as exceptions are not
fundamentally different from other shell errors it is possible
to catch shell errors by using an empty string as the exception
name. The shell variable CAUGHT is set by catch to the name of
the exception caught. It is possible to rethrow an exception by
calling the throw function again once an exception has been
caught.
The functions are designed to be used together with the always con‐
struct described in zshmisc(1). This is important as only this con‐
struct provides the required support for exceptions. A typical example
is as follows.
{
# "try" block
# ... nested code here calls "throw MyExcept"
} always {
# "always" block
if catch MyExcept; then
print "Caught exception MyExcept"
elif catch ''; then
print "Caught a shell error. Propagating..."
throw ''
fi
# Other exceptions are not handled but may be caught further
# up the call stack.
}
If all exceptions should be caught, the following idiom might be
preferable.
{
# ... nested code here throws an exception
} always {
if catch *; then
case $CAUGHT in
(MyExcept)
print "Caught my own exception"
;;
(*)
print "Caught some other exception"
;;
esac
fi
}
In common with exception handling in other languages, the exception may
be thrown by code deeply nested inside the `try' block. However, note
that it must be thrown inside the current shell, not in a subshell
forked for a pipeline, parenthesised current-shell construct, or some
form of command or process substitution.
The system internally uses the shell variable EXCEPTION to record the
name of the exception between throwing and catching. One drawback of
this scheme is that if the exception is not handled the variable EXCEP‐
TION remains set and may be incorrectly recognised as the name of an
exception if a shell error subsequently occurs. Adding unset EXCEPTION
at the start of the outermost layer of any code that uses exception
handling will eliminate this problem.
MIME FUNCTIONS
Three functions are available to provide handling of files recognised
by extension, for example to dispatch a file text.ps when executed as a
command to an appropriate viewer.
zsh-mime-setup [-flv]
zsh-mime-handler
These two functions use the files ~/.mime.types and
/etc/mime.types, which associate types and extensions, as well
as ~/.mailcap and /etc/mailcap files, which associate types and
the programs that handle them. These are provided on many sys‐
tems with the Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions.
To enable the system, the function zsh-mime-setup should be
autoloaded and run. This allows files with extensions to be
treated as executable; such files be completed by the function
completion system. The function zsh-mime-handler should not
need to be called by the user.
The system works by setting up suffix aliases with `alias -s'.
Suffix aliases already installed by the user will not be over‐
written.
Repeated calls to zsh-mime-setup do not override the existing
mapping between suffixes and executable files unless the option
-f is given. Note, however, that this does not override exist‐
ing suffix aliases assigned to handlers other than zsh-mime-han‐
dler. Calling zsh-mime-setup with the option -l lists the
existing mappings without altering them. Calling zsh-mime-setup
with the option -v causes verbose output to be shown during the
setup operation.
The system respects the mailcap flags needsterminal and copi‐
ousoutput, see mailcap(4).
The functions use the following styles, which are defined with
the zstyle builtin command (see zshmodules(1)). They should be
defined before zsh-mime-setup is run. The contexts used all
start with :mime:, with additional components in some cases. It
is recommended that a trailing * (suitably quoted) be appended
to style patterns in case the system is extended in future.
Some examples are given below.
current-shell
If this boolean style is true, the mailcap handler for
the context in question is run using the eval builtin
instead of by starting a new sh process. This is more
efficient, but may not work in the occasional cases where
the mailcap handler uses strict POSIX syntax.
execute-as-is
This style gives a list of patterns to be matched against
files passed for execution with a handler program. If
the file matches the pattern, the entire command line is
executed in its current form, with no handler. This is
useful for files which might have suffixes but nonethe‐
less be executable in their own right. If the style is
not set, the pattern *(*) *(/) is used; hence executable
files are executed directly and not passed to a handler,
and the option AUTO_CD may be used to change to directo‐
ries that happen to have MIME suffixes.
file-path
Used if the style find-file-in-path is true for the same
context. Set to an array of directories that are used
for searching for the file to be handled; the default is
the command path given by the special parameter path.
The shell option PATH_DIRS is respected; if that is set,
the appropriate path will be searched even if the name of
the file to be handled as it appears on the command line
contains a `/'. The full context is :mime:.suffix:, as
described for the style handler.
find-file-in-path
If set, allows files whose names do not contain absolute
paths to be searched for in the command path or the path
specified by the file-path style. If the file is not
found in the path, it is looked for locally (whether or
not the current directory is in the path); if it is not
found locally, the handler will abort unless the han‐
dle-nonexistent style is set. Files found in the path
are tested as described for the style execute-as-is. The
full context is :mime:.suffix:, as described for the
style handler.
flags Defines flags to go with a handler; the context is as for
the handler style, and the format is as for the flags in
mailcap.
handle-nonexistent
By default, arguments that don't correspond to files are
not passed to the MIME handler in order to prevent it
from intercepting commands found in the path that happen
to have suffixes. This style may be set to an array of
extended glob patterns for arguments that will be passed
to the handler even if they don't exist. If it is not
explicitly set it defaults to [[:alpha:]]#:/* which
allows URLs to be passed to the MIME handler even though
they don't exist in that format in the file system. The
full context is :mime:.suffix:, as described for the
style handler.
handler
Specifies a handler for a suffix; the suffix is given by
the context as :mime:.suffix:, and the format of the han‐
dler is exactly that in mailcap. Note in particular the
`.' and trailing colon to distinguish this use of the
context. This overrides any handler specified by the
mailcap files. If the handler requires a terminal, the
flags style should be set to include the word needstermi‐
nal, or if the output is to be displayed through a pager
(but not if the handler is itself a pager), it should
include copiousoutput.
mailcap
A list of files in the format of ~/.mailcap and
/etc/mailcap to be read during setup, replacing the
default list which consists of those two files. The con‐
text is :mime:. A + in the list will be replaced by the
default files.
mailcap-priorities
This style is used to resolve multiple mailcap entries
for the same MIME type. It consists of an array of the
following elements, in descending order of priority;
later entries will be used if earlier entries are unable
to resolve the entries being compared. If none of the
tests resolve the entries, the first entry encountered is
retained.
files The order of files (entries in the mailcap style)
read. Earlier files are preferred. (Note this
does not resolve entries in the same file.)
priority
The priority flag from the mailcap entry. The
priority is an integer from 0 to 9 with the
default value being 5.
flags The test given by the mailcap-prio-flags option is
used to resolve entries.
place Later entries are preferred; as the entries are
strictly ordered, this test always succeeds.
Note that as this style is handled during initialisation,
the context is always :mime:, with no discrimination by
suffix.
mailcap-prio-flags
This style is used when the keyword flags is encountered
in the list of tests specified by the mailcap-priorities
style. It should be set to a list of patterns, each of
which is tested against the flags specified in the mail‐
cap entry (in other words, the sets of assignments found
with some entries in the mailcap file). Earlier patterns
in the list are preferred to later ones, and matched pat‐
terns are preferred to unmatched ones.
mime-types
A list of files in the format of ~/.mime.types and
/etc/mime.types to be read during setup, replacing the
default list which consists of those two files. The con‐
text is :mime:. A + in the list will be replaced by the
default files.
never-background
If this boolean style is set, the handler for the given
context is always run in the foreground, even if the
flags provided in the mailcap entry suggest it need not
be (for example, it doesn't require a terminal).
pager If set, will be used instead of $PAGER or more to handle
suffixes where the copiousoutput flag is set. The con‐
text is as for handler, i.e. :mime:.suffix: for handling
a file with the given suffix.
Examples:
zstyle ':mime:*' mailcap ~/.mailcap /usr/local/etc/mailcap
zstyle ':mime:.txt:' handler less %s
zstyle ':mime:.txt:' flags needsterminal
When zsh-mime-setup is subsequently run, it will look for mail‐
cap entries in the two files given. Files of suffix .txt will
be handled by running `less file.txt'. The flag needsterminal
is set to show that this program must run attached to a termi‐
nal.
As there are several steps to dispatching a command, the follow‐
ing should be checked if attempting to execute a file by exten‐
sion .ext does not have the expected effect.
The command `alias -s ext' should show `ps=zsh-mime-handler'.
If it shows something else, another suffix alias was already
installed and was not overwritten. If it shows nothing, no han‐
dler was installed: this is most likely because no handler was
found in the .mime.types and mailcap combination for .ext files.
In that case, appropriate handling should be added to
~/.mime.types and mailcap.
If the extension is handled by zsh-mime-handler but the file is
not opened correctly, either the handler defined for the type is
incorrect, or the flags associated with it are in appropriate.
Running zsh-mime-setup -l will show the handler and, if there
are any, the flags. A %s in the handler is replaced by the file
(suitably quoted if necessary). Check that the handler program
listed lists and can be run in the way shown. Also check that
the flags needsterminal or copiousoutput are set if the handler
needs to be run under a terminal; the second flag is used if the
output should be sent to a pager. An example of a suitable
mailcap entry for such a program is:
text/html; /usr/bin/lynx '%s'; needsterminal
pick-web-browser
This function is separate from the two MIME functions described
above and can be assigned directly to a suffix:
autoload -U pick-web-browser
alias -s html=pick-web-browser
It is provided as an intelligent front end to dispatch a web
browser. It may be run as either a function or a shell script.
The status 255 is returned if no browser could be started.
Various styles are available to customize the choice of
browsers:
browser-style
The value of the style is an array giving preferences in
decreasing order for the type of browser to use. The
values of elements may be
running
Use a GUI browser that is already running when an
X Window display is available. The browsers
listed in the x-browsers style are tried in order
until one is found; if it is, the file will be
displayed in that browser, so the user may need to
check whether it has appeared. If no running
browser is found, one is not started. Browsers
other than Firefox, Opera and Konqueror are
assumed to understand the Mozilla syntax for open‐
ing a URL remotely.
x Start a new GUI browser when an X Window display
is available. Search for the availability of one
of the browsers listed in the x-browsers style and
start the first one that is found. No check is
made for an already running browser.
tty Start a terminal-based browser. Search for the
availability of one of the browsers listed in the
tty-browsers style and start the first one that is
found.
If the style is not set the default running x tty is
used.
x-browsers
An array in decreasing order of preference of browsers to
use when running under the X Window System. The array
consists of the command name under which to start the
browser. They are looked up in the context :mime: (which
may be extended in future, so appending `*' is recom‐
mended). For example,
zstyle ':mime:*' x-browsers opera konqueror firefox
specifies that pick-web-browser should first look for a
running instance of Opera, Konqueror or Firefox, in that
order, and if it fails to find any should attempt to
start Opera. The default is firefox mozilla netscape
opera konqueror.
tty-browsers
An array similar to x-browsers, except that it gives
browsers to use use when no X Window display is avail‐
able. The default is elinks links lynx.
command
If it is set this style is used to pick the command used
to open a page for a browser. The context is
:mime:browser:new:$browser: to start a new browser or
:mime:browser:running:$browser: to open a URL in a
browser already running on the current X display, where
$browser is the value matched in the x-browsers or
tty-browsers style. The escape sequence %b in the
style's value will be replaced by the browser, while %u
will be replaced by the URL. If the style is not set,
the default for all new instances is equivalent to %b %u
and the defaults for using running browsers are equiva‐
lent to the values kfmclient openURL %u for Konqueror,
firefox -new-tab %u for Firefox, opera -newpage %u for
Opera, and %b -remote "openUrl(%u)" for all others.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
zcalc [ expression ... ]
A reasonably powerful calculator based on zsh's arithmetic eval‐
uation facility. The syntax is similar to that of formulae in
most programming languages; see the section `Arithmetic Evalua‐
tion' in zshmisc(1) for details. The mathematical library
zsh/mathfunc will be loaded if it is available; see the section
`The zsh/mathfunc Module' in zshmodules(1). The mathematical
functions correspond to the raw system libraries, so trigonomet‐
ric functions are evaluated using radians, and so on.
Each line typed is evaluated as an expression. The prompt shows
a number, which corresponds to a positional parameter where the
result of that calculation is stored. For example, the result
of the calculation on the line preceded by `4> ' is available as
$4. The last value calculated is available as ans. Full com‐
mand line editing, including the history of previous calcula‐
tions, is available; the history is saved in the file
~/.zcalc_history. To exit, enter a blank line or type `q' on
its own.
If arguments are given to zcalc on start up, they are used to
prime the first few positional parameters. A visual indication
of this is given when the calculator starts.
The constants PI (3.14159...) and E (2.71828...) are provided.
Parameter assignment is possible, but note that all parameters
will be put into the global namespace.
The output base can be initialised by passing the option
`-#base', for example `zcalc -#16' (the `#' may have to be
quoted, depending on the globbing options set).
The prompt is configurable via the parameter ZCALCPROMPT, which
undergoes standard prompt expansion. The index of the current
entry is stored locally in the first element of the array psvar,
which can be referred to in ZCALCPROMPT as `%1v'. The default
prompt is `%1v> '.
The output precision may be specified within zcalc by special
commands familiar from many calculators:
norm The default output format. It corresponds to the printf
%g specification. Typically this shows six decimal dig‐
its.
sci digits
Scientific notation, corresponding to the printf %g out‐
put format with the precision given by digits. This pro‐
duces either fixed point or exponential notation depend‐
ing on the value output.
fix digits
Fixed point notation, corresponding to the printf %f out‐
put format with the precision given by digits.
eng digits
Exponential notation, corresponding to the printf %E out‐
put format with the precision given by digits.
Other special commands:
local arg ...
Declare variables local to the function. Note that cer‐
tain variables are used by the function for its own pur‐
poses. Other variables may be used, too, but they will
be taken from or put into the global scope.
function name [ body ]
Define a mathematical function or (with no body) delete
it. The function is defined using zmathfuncdef, see
below.
Note that zcalc takes care of all quoting. Hence for
example:
function cube $1 * $1 * $1
defines a function to cube the sole argument.
[#base]
When this syntax appears on a line by itself, the default
output radix is set to base. Use, for example, `[#16]'
to display hexadecimal output preceded by an indication
of the base, or `[##16]' just to display the raw number
in the given base. Bases themselves are always specified
in decimal. `[#]' restores the normal output format.
Note that setting an output base suppresses floating
point output; use `[#]' to return to normal operation.
+.RE
See the comments in the function for a few extra tips.
zmathfuncdef mathfunc [ body ]
A convenient front end to functions -M.
With two arguments, define a mathematical function named math‐
func which can be used in any form of arithmetic evaluation.
body is a mathematical expression to implement the function. It
may contain references to position parameters $1, $2, ... to
refer to mandatory parameters and ${1:-defvalue} ... to refer
to optional parameters. Note that the forms must be strictly
adhered to for the function to calculate the correct number of
arguments. The implementation is held in a shell function named
zsh_math_func_mathfunc; usually the user will not need to refer
to the shell function directly.
With one argument, remove the mathematical function mathfunc as
well as the shell function implementation.
USER CONFIGURATION FUNCTIONS
The zsh/newuser module comes with a function to aid in configuring
shell options for new users. If the module is installed, this function
can also be run by hand. It is available even if the module's default
behaviour, namely running the function for a new user logging in with‐
out startup files, is inhibited.
zsh-newuser-install [ -f ]
The function presents the user with various options for cus‐
tomizing their initialization scripts. Currently only ~/.zshrc
is handled. $ZDOTDIR/.zshrc is used instead if the parameter
ZDOTDIR is set; this provides a way for the user to configure a
file without altering an existing .zshrc.
By default the function exits immediately if it finds any of the
files .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc, or .zlogin in the appropriate
directory. The option -f is required in order to force the
function to continue. Note this may happen even if .zshrc
itself does not exist.
As currently configured, the function will exit immediately if
the user has root privileges; this behaviour cannot be overrid‐
den.
Once activated, the function's behaviour is supposed to be
self-explanatory. Menus are present allowing the user to alter
the value of options and parameters. Suggestions for improve‐
ments are always welcome.
When the script exits, the user is given the opportunity to save
the new file or not; changes are not irreversible until this
point. However, the script is careful to restrict changes to
the file only to a group marked by the lines `# Lines configured
by zsh-newuser-install' and `# End of lines configured by
zsh-newuser-install'. In addition, the old version of .zshrc is
saved to a file with the suffix .zni appended.
If the function edits an existing .zshrc, it is up to the user
to ensure that the changes made will take effect. For example,
if control usually returns early from the existing .zshrc the
lines will not be executed; or a later initialization file may
override options or parameters, and so on. The function itself
does not attempt to detect any such conflicts.
OTHER FUNCTIONS
There are a large number of helpful functions in the Functions/Misc
directory of the zsh distribution. Most are very simple and do not
require documentation here, but a few are worthy of special mention.
Descriptions
colors This function initializes several associative arrays to map
color names to (and from) the ANSI standard eight-color terminal
codes. These are used by the prompt theme system (see above).
You seldom should need to run colors more than once.
The eight base colors are: black, red, green, yellow, blue,
magenta, cyan, and white. Each of these has codes for fore‐
ground and background. In addition there are eight intensity
attributes: bold, faint, standout, underline, blink, reverse,
and conceal. Finally, there are six codes used to negate
attributes: none (reset all attributes to the defaults), normal
(neither bold nor faint), no-standout, no-underline, no-blink,
and no-reverse.
Some terminals do not support all combinations of colors and
intensities.
The associative arrays are:
color
colour Map all the color names to their integer codes, and inte‐
ger codes to the color names. The eight base names map
to the foreground color codes, as do names prefixed with
`fg-', such as `fg-red'. Names prefixed with `bg-', such
as `bg-blue', refer to the background codes. The reverse
mapping from code to color yields base name for fore‐
ground codes and the bg- form for backgrounds.
Although it is a misnomer to call them `colors', these
arrays also map the other fourteen attributes from names
to codes and codes to names.
fg
fg_bold
fg_no_bold
Map the eight basic color names to ANSI terminal escape
sequences that set the corresponding foreground text
properties. The fg sequences change the color without
changing the eight intensity attributes.
bg
bg_bold
bg_no_bold
Map the eight basic color names to ANSI terminal escape
sequences that set the corresponding background proper‐
ties. The bg sequences change the color without changing
the eight intensity attributes.
In addition, the scalar parameters reset_color and bold_color
are set to the ANSI terminal escapes that turn off all
attributes and turn on bold intensity, respectively.
fned name
Same as zed -f. This function does not appear in the zsh dis‐
tribution, but can be created by linking zed to the name fned in
some directory in your fpath.
is-at-least needed [ present ]
Perform a greater-than-or-equal-to comparison of two strings
having the format of a zsh version number; that is, a string of
numbers and text with segments separated by dots or dashes. If
the present string is not provided, $ZSH_VERSION is used. Seg‐
ments are paired left-to-right in the two strings with leading
non-number parts ignored. If one string has fewer segments than
the other, the missing segments are considered zero.
This is useful in startup files to set options and other state
that are not available in all versions of zsh.
is-at-least 3.1.6-15 && setopt NO_GLOBAL_RCS
is-at-least 3.1.0 && setopt HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS
is-at-least 2.6-17 || print "You can't use is-at-least here."
nslookup [ arg ... ]
This wrapper function for the nslookup command requires the
zsh/zpty module (see zshmodules(1)). It behaves exactly like
the standard nslookup except that it provides customizable
prompts (including a right-side prompt) and completion of
nslookup commands, host names, etc. (if you use the func‐
tion-based completion system). Completion styles may be set
with the context prefix `:completion:nslookup'.
See also the pager, prompt and rprompt styles below.
run-help cmd
This function is designed to be invoked by the run-help ZLE wid‐
get, in place of the default alias. See `Accessing On-Line
Help' above for setup instructions.
In the discussion which follows, if cmd is a filesystem path, it
is first reduced to its rightmost component (the file name).
Help is first sought by looking for a file named cmd in the
directory named by the HELPDIR parameter. If no file is found,
an assistant function, alias, or command named run-help-cmd is
sought. If found, the assistant is executed with the rest of
the current command line (everything after the command name cmd)
as its arguments. When neither file nor assistant is found, the
external command `man cmd' is run.
An example assistant for the "ssh" command:
run-help-ssh() {
emulate -LR zsh
local -a args
# Delete the "-l username" option
zparseopts -D -E -a args l:
# Delete other options, leaving: host command
args=(${@:#-*})
if [[ ${#args} -lt 2 ]]; then
man ssh
else
run-help $args[2]
fi
}
Several of these assistants are provided in the Functions/Misc
directory. These must be autoloaded, or placed as executable
scripts in your search path, in order to be found and used by
run-help.
run-help-git
run-help-svk
run-help-svn
Assistant functions for the git, svk, and svn commands.
tetris Zsh was once accused of not being as complete as Emacs, because
it lacked a Tetris game. This function was written to refute
this vicious slander.
This function must be used as a ZLE widget:
autoload -U tetris
zle -N tetris
bindkey keys tetris
To start a game, execute the widget by typing the keys. What‐
ever command line you were editing disappears temporarily, and
your keymap is also temporarily replaced by the Tetris control
keys. The previous editor state is restored when you quit the
game (by pressing `q') or when you lose.
If you quit in the middle of a game, the next invocation of the
tetris widget will continue where you left off. If you lost, it
will start a new game.
zargs [ option ... -- ] [ input ... ] [ -- command [ arg ... ] ]
This function works like GNU xargs, except that instead of read‐
ing lines of arguments from the standard input, it takes them
from the command line. This is useful because zsh, especially
with recursive glob operators, often can construct a command
line for a shell function that is longer than can be accepted by
an external command.
The option list represents options of the zargs command itself,
which are the same as those of xargs. The input list is the
collection of strings (often file names) that become the argu‐
ments of the command, analogous to the standard input of xargs.
Finally, the arg list consists of those arguments (usually
options) that are passed to the command each time it runs. The
arg list precedes the elements from the input list in each run.
If no command is provided, then no arg list may be provided, and
in that event the default command is `print' with arguments `-r
--'.
For example, to get a long ls listing of all plain files in the
current directory or its subdirectories:
autoload -U zargs
zargs -- **/*(.) -- ls -l
Note that `--' is used both to mark the end of the option list
and to mark the end of the input list, so it must appear twice
whenever the input list may be empty. If there is guaranteed to
be at least one input and the first input does not begin with a
`-', then the first `--' may be omitted.
In the event that the string `--' is or may be an input, the -e
option may be used to change the end-of-inputs marker. Note
that this does not change the end-of-options marker. For exam‐
ple, to use `..' as the marker:
zargs -e.. -- **/*(.) .. ls -l
This is a good choice in that example because no plain file can
be named `..', but the best end-marker depends on the circum‐
stances.
For details of the other zargs options, see xargs(1) or run
zargs with the --help option.
zed [ -f ] name
zed -b This function uses the ZLE editor to edit a file or function.
Only one name argument is allowed. If the -f option is given,
the name is taken to be that of a function; if the function is
marked for autoloading, zed searches for it in the fpath and
loads it. Note that functions edited this way are installed
into the current shell, but not written back to the autoload
file.
Without -f, name is the path name of the file to edit, which
need not exist; it is created on write, if necessary.
While editing, the function sets the main keymap to zed and the
vi command keymap to zed-vicmd. These will be copied from the
existing main and vicmd keymaps if they do not exist the first
time zed is run. They can be used to provide special key bind‐
ings used only in zed.
If it creates the keymap, zed rebinds the return key to insert a
line break and `^X^W' to accept the edit in the zed keymap, and
binds `ZZ' to accept the edit in the zed-vicmd keymap.
The bindings alone can be installed by running `zed -b'. This
is suitable for putting into a startup file. Note that, if
rerun, this will overwrite the existing zed and zed-vicmd
keymaps.
Completion is available, and styles may be set with the context
prefix `:completion:zed'.
A zle widget zed-set-file-name is available. This can be called
by name from within zed using `\ex zed-set-file-name' (note,
however, that because of zed's rebindings you will have to type
^j at the end instead of the return key), or can be bound to a
key in either of the zed or zed-vicmd keymaps after `zed -b' has
been run. When the widget is called, it prompts for a new name
for the file being edited. When zed exits the file will be
written under that name and the original file will be left
alone. The widget has no effect with `zed -f'.
While zed-set-file-name is running, zed uses the keymap zed-nor‐
mal-keymap, which is linked from the main keymap in effect at
the time zed initialised its bindings. (This is to make the
return key operate normally.) The result is that if the main
keymap has been changed, the widget won't notice. This is not a
concern for most users.
zcp [ -finqQvwW ] srcpat dest
zln [ -finqQsvwW ] srcpat dest
Same as zmv -C and zmv -L, respectively. These functions do not
appear in the zsh distribution, but can be created by linking
zmv to the names zcp and zln in some directory in your fpath.
zkbd See `Keyboard Definition' above.
zmv [ -finqQsvwW ] [ -C | -L | -M | -p program ] [ -o optstring ] src‐
pat dest
Move (usually, rename) files matching the pattern srcpat to cor‐
responding files having names of the form given by dest, where
srcpat contains parentheses surrounding patterns which will be
replaced in turn by $1, $2, ... in dest. For example,
zmv '(*).lis' '$1.txt'
renames `foo.lis' to `foo.txt', `my.old.stuff.lis' to
`my.old.stuff.txt', and so on.
The pattern is always treated as an EXTENDED_GLOB pattern. Any
file whose name is not changed by the substitution is simply
ignored. Any error (a substitution resulted in an empty string,
two substitutions gave the same result, the destination was an
existing regular file and -f was not given) causes the entire
function to abort without doing anything.
Options:
-f Force overwriting of destination files. Not currently
passed down to the mv/cp/ln command due to vagaries of
implementations (but you can use -o-f to do that).
-i Interactive: show each line to be executed and ask the
user whether to execute it. `Y' or `y' will execute it,
anything else will skip it. Note that you just need to
type one character.
-n No execution: print what would happen, but don't do it.
-q Turn bare glob qualifiers off: now assumed by default, so
this has no effect.
-Q Force bare glob qualifiers on. Don't turn this on unless
you are actually using glob qualifiers in a pattern.
-s Symbolic, passed down to ln; only works with -L.
-v Verbose: print each command as it's being executed.
-w Pick out wildcard parts of the pattern, as described
above, and implicitly add parentheses for referring to
them.
-W Just like -w, with the addition of turning wildcards in
the replacement pattern into sequential ${1} .. ${N} ref‐
erences.
-C
-L
-M Force cp, ln or mv, respectively, regardless of the name
of the function.
-p program
Call program instead of cp, ln or mv. Whatever it does,
it should at least understand the form `program -- old‐
name newname' where oldname and newname are filenames
generated by zmv.
-o optstring
The optstring is split into words and passed down verba‐
tim to the cp, ln or mv command called to perform the
work. It should probably begin with a `-'.
Further examples:
zmv -v '(* *)' '${1// /_}'
For any file in the current directory with at least one space in
the name, replace every space by an underscore and display the
commands executed.
For more complete examples and other implementation details, see
the zmv source file, usually located in one of the directories
named in your fpath, or in Functions/Misc/zmv in the zsh distri‐
bution.
zrecompile
See `Recompiling Functions' above.
zstyle+ context style value [ + subcontext style value ... ]
This makes defining styles a bit simpler by using a single `+'
as a special token that allows you to append a context name to
the previously used context name. Like this:
zstyle+ ':foo:bar' style1 value1 \
+ ':baz' style2 value2 \
+ ':frob' style3 value3
This defines `style1' with `value1' for the context :foo:bar as
usual, but it also defines `style2' with `value2' for the con‐
text :foo:bar:baz and `style3' with `value3' for :foo:bar:frob.
Any subcontext may be the empty string to re-use the first con‐
text unchanged.
Styles
insert-tab
The zed function sets this style in context `:completion:zed:*'
to turn off completion when TAB is typed at the beginning of a
line. You may override this by setting your own value for this
context and style.
pager The nslookup function looks up this style in the context
`:nslookup' to determine the program used to display output that
does not fit on a single screen.
prompt
rprompt
The nslookup function looks up this style in the context
`:nslookup' to set the prompt and the right-side prompt, respec‐
tively. The usual expansions for the PS1 and RPS1 parameters
may be used (see zshmisc(1)).
zsh 4.3.6 April 2, 2008 ZSHCONTRIB(1)
