mini_httpd(8)mini_httpd(8)NAMEmini_httpd - small HTTP server
SYNOPSISmini_httpd [-C configfile] [-p port] [-d dir] [-dd data_dir] [-c cgi‐
pat] [-u user] [-h hostname] [-r] [-v] [-l logfile] [-i pidfile] [-T
charset] [-P P3P] [-M maxage] [-S] [-E certfile] [-Y cipher] [-D] [-V]
DESCRIPTIONmini_httpd is a small HTTP server. Its performance is not great, but
for low or medium traffic sites it's quite adequate. It implements all
the basic features of an HTTP server, including:
* GET, HEAD, and POST methods.
* CGI.
* Basic authentication.
* Security against ".." filename snooping.
* The common MIME types.
* Trailing-slash redirection.
* index.html, index.htm, index.cgi
* Directory listings.
* Multihoming / virtual hosting.
* Standard logging.
* Custom error pages.
It can also be configured to do SSL/HTTPS.
mini_httpd was written for a couple reasons. One, as an experiment to
see just how slow an old-fashioned forking web server would be with
today's operating systems. The answer is, surprisingly, not that slow
- on FreeBSD 3.2, mini_httpd benchmarks at about 90% the speed of
Apache. The other main reason for writing mini_httpd was to get a sim‐
ple platform for experimenting with new web server technology, for
instance SSL.
OPTIONS-C Specifies a config-file to read. All options can be set either
by command-line flags or in the config file. See below for
details.
-p Specifies an alternate port number to listen on. The default is
80. The config-file option name for this flag is "port".
-d Specifies a directory to chdir() to at startup. This is merely
a convenience - you could just as easily do a cd in the shell
script that invokes the program. The config-file option name
for this flag is "dir".
-dd Specifies a directory to chdir() to after chrooting. If you're
not chrooting, you might as well do a single chdir() with the -d
flag. If you are chrooting, this lets you put the web files in
a subdirectory of the chroot tree, instead of in the top level
mixed in with the chroot files. The config-file option name for
this flag is "data_dir".
-c Specifies a wildcard pattern for CGI programs, for instance
"**.cgi" or "cgi-bin/*". The default is no CGI. The config-
file option name for this flag is "cgipat".
-u Specifies what user to switch to after initialization when
started as root. The default is "nobody". The config-file
option name for this flag is "user".
-h Specifies a hostname to bind to, for multihoming. The default
is to bind to all hostnames supported on the local machine. The
config-file option name for this flag is "host".
-r Do a chroot() at initialization time, restricting file access to
the program's current directory. See below for details. The
config-file option names for this flag are "chroot" and "noch‐
root".
-v Do virtual hosting. See below for details. The config-file
option name for this flag is "vhost".
-l Specifies a log file name. The default is no logging. The con‐
fig-file option name for this flag is "logfile".
-i Specifies a file to write the process-id to. If no file is
specified, no process-id is written. You can use this file to
send signals to mini_httpd. The config-file option name for
this flag is "pidfile".
-T Specifies the character set to use with text MIME types. The
default is "iso-8859-1". The config-file option name for this
flag is "charset".
-P Specifies a P3P server privacy header to be returned with all
responses. See http://www.w3.org/P3P/ for details. Mini_httpd
doesn't do anything at all with the string except put it in the
P3P: response header. The config-file option name for this flag
is "p3p".
-M Specifies the number of seconds to be used in a "Cache-Control:
max-age" header to be returned with all responses. An equiva‐
lent "Expires" header is also generated. The default is no
Cache-Control or Expires headers, which is just fine for most
sites. The config-file option name for this flag is "maxage".
-S If mini_httpd is configured to do SSL/HTTPS, then the -S flag is
available to enable this feature. The config-file option name
for this flag is "ssl".
-E If mini_httpd is configured to do SSL/HTTPS, then you can spec‐
ify a server certificate with this flag. You can make a cer‐
tificate with the command "make cert". The default is
"mini_httpd.pem" (in the directory where you start mini_httpd).
The config-file option name for this flag is "certfile".
-Y If mini_httpd is configured to do SSL/HTTPS, then you can spec‐
ify a cipher set with this flag. Examples of cipher sets:
"RC4-MD5", "DES-CBC3-SHA", "AES256-SHA". The default is to let
each browser negotiate ciphers separately, and unless you know
what you're doing it's best to let them do so. The config-file
option name for this flag is "cipher".
-D This was originally just a debugging flag, however it's worth
mentioning because one of the things it does is prevent
mini_httpd from making itself a background daemon. Instead it
runs in the foreground like a regular program. This is neces‐
sary when you want to run mini_httpd wrapped in a little shell
script that restarts it if it exits. The config-file option
name for this flag is "debug".
-V Shows mini_httpd's version and then exits.
CGImini_httpd supports the CGI 1.1 spec.
In order for a CGI program to be run, its name must match the pattern
you specify with the -c flag This is a simple shell-style filename pat‐
tern. You can use * to match any string not including a slash, or **
to match any string including slashes, or ? to match any single charac‐
ter. You can also use multiple such patterns separated by |. The pat‐
terns get checked against the filename part of the incoming URL. Don't
forget to quote any wildcard characters so that the shell doesn't mess
with them.
BASIC AUTHENTICATION
Basic Authentication uses a password file called ".htpasswd", in the
directory to be protected. This file is formatted as the familiar
colon-separated username/encrypted-password pair, records delimited by
newlines. The protection does not carry over to subdirectories. The
utility program htpasswd(1) is included to help create and modify
.htpasswd files.
CHROOTchroot() is a system call that restricts the program's view of the
filesystem to the current directory and directories below it. It
becomes impossible for remote users to access any file outside of the
initial directory. The restriction is inherited by child processes, so
CGI programs get it too. This is a very strong security measure, and
is recommended. The only downside is that only root can call chroot(),
so this means the program must be started as root. However, the last
thing it does during initialization is to give up root access by becom‐
ing another user, so this is safe.
Note that with some other web servers, such as NCSA httpd, setting up a
directory tree for use with chroot() is complicated, involving creating
a bunch of special directories and copying in various files. With
mini_httpd it's a lot easier, all you have to do is make sure any
shells, utilities, and config files used by your CGI programs and
scripts are available. If you have CGI disabled, or if you make a pol‐
icy that all CGI programs must be written in a compiled language such
as C and statically linked, then you probably don't have to do any set‐
up at all.
However, one thing you should do is tell syslogd about the chroot tree,
so that mini_httpd can still generate syslog messages. Check your sys‐
tem's syslodg man page for how to do this. In FreeBSD you would put
something like this in /etc/rc.conf:
syslogd_flags="-l /usr/local/www/data/dev/log"
Substitute in your own chroot tree's pathname, of course. Don't worry
about creating the log socket, syslogd wants to do that itself. (You
may need to create the dev directory.) In Linux the flag is -a instead
of -l, and there may be other differences.
MULTIHOMING
Multihoming means using one machine to serve multiple hostnames. For
instance, if you're an internet provider and you want to let all of
your customers have customized web addresses, you might have
www.joe.acme.com, www.jane.acme.com, and your own www.acme.com, all
running on the same physical hardware. This feature is also known as
"virtual hosts". There are three steps to setting this up.
One, make DNS entries for all of the hostnames. The current way to do
this, allowed by HTTP/1.1, is to use CNAME aliases, like so:
www.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.1
www.joe.acme.com IN CNAME www.acme.com
www.jane.acme.com IN CNAME www.acme.com
However, this is incompatible with older HTTP/1.0 browsers. If you
want to stay compatible, there's a different way - use A records
instead, each with a different IP address, like so:
www.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.1
www.joe.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.200
www.jane.acme.com IN A 192.100.66.201
This is bad because it uses extra IP addresses, a somewhat scarce
resource. But if you want people with older browsers to be able to
visit your sites, you still have to do it this way.
Step two. If you're using the modern CNAME method of multihoming, then
you can skip this step. Otherwise, using the older multiple-IP-address
method you must set up IP aliases or multiple interfaces for the extra
addresses. You can use ifconfig(8)'s alias command to tell the machine
to answer to all of the different IP addresses. Example:
ifconfig le0 www.acme.com
ifconfig le0 www.joe.acme.com alias
ifconfig le0 www.jane.acme.com alias
If your OS's version of ifconfig doesn't have an alias command, you're
probably out of luck.
Third and last, you must set up mini_httpd to handle the multiple
hosts. The easiest way is with the -v flag. This works with either
CNAME multihosting or multiple-IP multihosting. What it does is send
each incoming request to a subdirectory based on the hostname it's
intended for. All you have to do in order to set things up is to cre‐
ate those subdirectories in the directory where mini_httpd will run.
With the example above, you'd do like so:
mkdir www.acme.com www.joe.acme.com www.jane.acme.com
If you're using old-style multiple-IP multihosting, you should also
create symbolic links from the numeric addresses to the names, like so:
ln -s www.acme.com 192.100.66.1
ln -s www.joe.acme.com 192.100.66.200
ln -s www.jane.acme.com 192.100.66.201
This lets the older HTTP/1.0 browsers find the right subdirectory.
There's an optional alternate step three if you're using multiple-IP
multihosting: run a separate mini_httpd process for each hostname,
using the -h flag to specify which one is which. This gives you more
flexibility, since you can run each of these processes in separate
directories or with different options. Example:
( cd /usr/www ; mini_httpd-h www.acme.com )
( cd /usr/www/joe ; mini_httpd-u joe -h www.joe.acme.com )
( cd /usr/www/jane ; mini_httpd-u jane -h www.jane.acme.com )
But remember, this multiple-process method does not work with CNAME
multihosting - for that, you must use a single mini_httpd process with
the -v flag.
CUSTOM ERRORSmini_httpd lets you define your own custom error pages for the various
HTTP errors. There's a separate file for each error number, all stored
in one special directory. The directory name is "errors", at the top
of the web directory tree. The error files should be named
"errNNN.html", where NNN is the error number. So for example, to make
a custom error page for the authentication failure error, which is num‐
ber 401, you would put your HTML into the file "errors/err401.html".
If no custom error file is found for a given error number, then the
usual built-in error page is generated.
If you're using the virtual hosts option, you can also have different
custom error pages for each different virtual host. In this case you
put another "errors" directory in the top of that virtual host's web
tree. mini_httpd will look first in the virtual host errors directory,
and then in the server-wide errors directory, and if neither of those
has an appropriate error file then it will generate the built-in error.
NON-LOCAL REFERERS
Sometimes another site on the net will embed your image files in their
HTML files, which basically means they're stealing your bandwidth. You
can prevent them from doing this by using non-local referer filtering.
With this option, certain files can only be fetched via a local ref‐
erer. The files have to be referenced by a local web page. If a web
page on some other site references the files, that fetch will be
blocked. There are three config-file variables for this feature:
urlpat A wildcard pattern for the URLs that should require a local ref‐
erer. This is typically just image files, sound files, and so
on. For example:
urlpat=**.jpg|**.gif|**.au|**.wav
For most sites, that one setting is all you need to enable ref‐
erer filtering.
noemptyreferers
By default, requests with no referer at all, or a null referer,
or a referer with no apparent hostname, are allowed. With this
variable set, such requests are disallowed.
localpat
A wildcard pattern that specifies the local host or hosts. This
is used to determine if the host in the referer is local or not.
If not specified it defaults to the actual local hostname.
SIGNALSmini_httpd will terminate cleanly upon receipt of a number of different
signals, which you can send via the standard Unix kill(1) command. Any
of SIGTERM, SIGINT, or SIGUSR1 will do the trick. All requests in
progress will be completed. The network socket used to accept new con‐
nections gets closed immediately, which means a fresh mini_httpd can be
started up right away. This is convenient when you're rotating your
log files.
In addition, a SIGHUP will attempt to close and re-open the log file.
This is a little tricky to set up correctly, for instance if you are
using chroot() then the log file must be within the chroot tree, but
it's definitely doable.
CERTIFICATES
If you're going to serve SSL/HTTPS you will need a server certificate.
There are a bunch of companies that will issue one for you; see the
lists at http://www.apache-ssl.org/#Digital_Certificates and
http://www.modssl.org/docs/2.4/ssl_faq.html#ToC23
You can also create one for yourself, using the openssl tool. Step one
- create the key and certificate request:
openssl req -new > cert.csr
Step two - remove the passphrase from the key:
openssl rsa -in privkey.pem -out key.pem
Step three - convert the certificate request into a signed certificate:
openssl x509 -in cert.csr -out cert.pem -req -signkey key.pem -days 365
This creates four files. The ones you want are cert.pem and key.pem.
You don't need cert.csr and privkey.pem, and may remove them.
SEE ALSOhtpasswd(1), weblog_parse(1), http_get(1)AUTHOR
Copyright � 1999,2000 by Jef Poskanzer <jef@mail.acme.com>. All rights
reserved.
05 October 1999 mini_httpd(8)
