term(5)term(5)NAMEterm - format of compiled term file.
SYNOPSIStermDESCRIPTION
STORAGE LOCATION
Compiled terminfo descriptions are placed under the directory
/usr/share/misc/terminfo. Two configurations are supported (when
building the ncurses libraries):
directory tree
A two-level scheme is used to avoid a linear search of a huge UNIX
system directory: /usr/share/misc/terminfo/c/name where name is
the name of the terminal, and c is the first character of name.
Thus, act4 can be found in the file
/usr/share/misc/terminfo/a/act4. Synonyms for the same terminal
are implemented by multiple links to the same compiled file.
hashed database
Using Berkeley database, two types of records are stored: the
terminfo data in the same format as stored in a directory tree
with the terminfo's primary name as a key, and records containing
only aliases pointing to the primary name.
If built to write hashed databases, ncurses can still read
terminfo databases organized as a directory tree, but cannot write
entries into the directory tree. It can write (or rewrite)
entries in the hashed database.
ncurses distinguishes the two cases in the TERMINFO and
TERMINFO_DIRS environment variable by assuming a directory tree
for entries that correspond to an existing directory, and hashed
database otherwise.
STORAGE FORMAT
The format has been chosen so that it will be the same on all hardware.
An 8 or more bit byte is assumed, but no assumptions about byte
ordering or sign extension are made.
The compiled file is created with the tic program, and read by the
routine setupterm. The file is divided into six parts: the header,
terminal names, boolean flags, numbers, strings, and string table.
The header section begins the file. This section contains six short
integers in the format described below. These integers are
(1) the magic number (octal 0432);
(2) the size, in bytes, of the names section;
(3) the number of bytes in the boolean section;
(4) the number of short integers in the numbers section;
(5) the number of offsets (short integers) in the strings section;
(6) the size, in bytes, of the string table.
Short integers are stored in two 8-bit bytes. The first byte contains
the least significant 8 bits of the value, and the second byte contains
the most significant 8 bits. (Thus, the value represented is
256*second+first.) The value -1 is represented by the two bytes 0377,
0377; other negative values are illegal. This value generally means
that the corresponding capability is missing from this terminal. Note
that this format corresponds to the hardware of the VAX and PDP-11
(that is, little-endian machines). Machines where this does not
correspond to the hardware must read the integers as two bytes and
compute the little-endian value.
The terminal names section comes next. It contains the first line of
the terminfo description, listing the various names for the terminal,
separated by the `|' character. The section is terminated with an
ASCII NUL character.
The boolean flags have one byte for each flag. This byte is either 0
or 1 if the flag is present or absent. The capabilities are in the
same order as the file <term.h>.
Between the boolean section and the number section, a null byte will be
inserted, if necessary, to ensure that the number section begins on an
even byte (this is a relic of the PDP-11's word-addressed architecture,
originally designed in to avoid IOT traps induced by addressing a word
on an odd byte boundary). All short integers are aligned on a short
word boundary.
The numbers section is similar to the flags section. Each capability
takes up two bytes, and is stored as a little-endian short integer. If
the value represented is -1, the capability is taken to be missing.
The strings section is also similar. Each capability is stored as a
short integer, in the format above. A value of -1 means the capability
is missing. Otherwise, the value is taken as an offset from the
beginning of the string table. Special characters in ^X or \c notation
are stored in their interpreted form, not the printing representation.
Padding information $<nn> and parameter information %x are stored
intact in uninterpreted form.
The final section is the string table. It contains all the values of
string capabilities referenced in the string section. Each string is
null terminated.
EXTENDED STORAGE FORMAT
The previous section describes the conventional terminfo binary format.
With some minor variations of the offsets (see PORTABILITY), the same
binary format is used in all modern UNIX systems. Each system uses a
predefined set of boolean, number or string capabilities.
The ncurses libraries and applications support extended terminfo binary
format, allowing users to define capabilities which are loaded at
runtime. This extension is made possible by using the fact that the
other implementations stop reading the terminfo data when they have
reached the end of the size given in the header. ncurses checks the
size, and if it exceeds that due to the predefined data, continues to
parse according to its own scheme.
First, it reads the extended header (5 short integers):
(1) count of extended boolean capabilities
(2) count of extended numeric capabilities
(3) count of extended string capabilities
(4) size of the extended string table in bytes.
(5) last offset of the extended string table in bytes.
Using the counts and sizes, ncurses allocates arrays and reads data for
the extended capabilties in the same order as the header information.
The extended string table contains values for string capabilities.
After the end of these values, it contains the names for each of the
extended capabilities in order, e.g., booleans, then numbers and
finally strings.
PORTABILITY
Note that it is possible for setupterm to expect a different set of
capabilities than are actually present in the file. Either the
database may have been updated since setupterm was recompiled
(resulting in extra unrecognized entries in the file) or the program
may have been recompiled more recently than the database was updated
(resulting in missing entries). The routine setupterm must be prepared
for both possibilities - this is why the numbers and sizes are
included. Also, new capabilities must always be added at the end of
the lists of boolean, number, and string capabilities.
Despite the consistent use of little-endian for numbers and the
otherwise self-describing format, it is not wise to count on
portability of binary terminfo entries between commercial UNIX
versions. The problem is that there are at least three versions of
terminfo (under HP-UX, AIX, and OSF/1) which diverged from System V
terminfo after SVr1, and have added extension capabilities to the
string table that (in the binary format) collide with System V and XSI
Curses extensions. See terminfo(5) for detailed discussion of terminfo
source compatibility issues.
EXAMPLE
As an example, here is a hex dump of the description for the
Lear-Siegler ADM-3, a popular though rather stupid early terminal:
adm3a|lsi adm3a,
am,
cols#80, lines#24,
bel=^G, clear= 32$<1>, cr=^M, cub1=^H, cud1=^J,
cuf1=^L, cup=\E=%p1%{32}%+%c%p2%{32}%+%c, cuu1=^K,
home=^^, ind=^J,
0000 1a 01 10 00 02 00 03 00 82 00 31 00 61 64 6d 33 ........ ..1.adm3
0010 61 7c 6c 73 69 20 61 64 6d 33 61 00 00 01 50 00 a|lsi ad m3a...P.
0020 ff ff 18 00 ff ff 00 00 02 00 ff ff ff ff 04 00 ........ ........
0030 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0a 00 25 00 27 00 ff ff ........ ..%.'...
0040 29 00 ff ff ff ff 2b 00 ff ff 2d 00 ff ff ff ff ).....+. ..-.....
0050 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0060 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0070 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0080 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0090 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00a0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00b0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00c0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00d0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00e0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
00f0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0100 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0110 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ........ ........
0120 ff ff ff ff ff ff 2f 00 07 00 0d 00 1a 24 3c 31 ....../. .....$<1
0130 3e 00 1b 3d 25 70 31 25 7b 33 32 7d 25 2b 25 63 >..=%p1% {32}%+%c
0140 25 70 32 25 7b 33 32 7d 25 2b 25 63 00 0a 00 1e %p2%{32} %+%c....
0150 00 08 00 0c 00 0b 00 0a 00 ........ .
LIMITS
Some limitations: total compiled entries cannot exceed 4096 bytes. The
name field cannot exceed 128 bytes.
FILES
/usr/share/misc/terminfo/?/* compiled terminal capability database
SEE ALSOcurses(3), terminfo(5).
AUTHORS
Thomas E. Dickey
extended terminfo format for ncurses 5.0
hashed database support for ncurses 5.6
Eric S. Raymond
March 1, 2011
